CBD & Vertical Theory · teaching piece

How cities grow, and the shapes downtowns take

David Hildebrand · Bradenton, FL · Urbanicity Research · newSchoolWorks.com
CBD & Vertical TheoryResearch

The question

What conditions produce a vertical push in a central business district? Before asking about towers, ask how a city spreads across its land, because height is what happens when spreading out stops paying.

For a century geographers and sociologists have drawn the city as a simple diagram: rings, wedges, cells, realms. Each diagram is a claim about what organizes urban land. Part one draws ten of them and asks of each: if this model is right, where should the towers be? Part two turns from diagrams to evidence. It draws the real outline of 25 American downtowns from our own data, using the towers themselves to mark where the core is, and flags the rivers, shorelines, rules and terrain that pushed each one up or let it spread.

1 · Ten models of how cities grow

Each card gives the claim, the city it was drawn from, its main critics, and what it predicts about height in the CBD. Colors repeat across cards: deep red for the business core, browns for poorer or transitional zones, greens for better-off housing, gray for industry.

Concentric zones

Ernest Burgess · 1925
12 transition3 workers4 residential5 commuter
The claim
The city grows outward in rings, like a tree. Business sits at the center; around it lies a run-down "zone in transition" where newcomers land; then workers' homes, better homes, and the commuter belt. As each ring grows it invades the next, and groups move outward as they rise.
Drawn from
Chicago
Critics
Hoyt and Harris and Ullman thought it too tidy. It describes one city at one moment (Chicago, about 1920), ignores the lake that cuts half of Chicago's rings away, and treats ethnic succession as natural rather than enforced by redlining and covenants.
What it says about height
The rings say one center, so all the bidding for access lands on one spot. That is the classic condition for a vertical push: a single peak of land value, and towers piled on it. Chicago's Loop is the textbook case.

Sectors and wedges

Homer Hoyt · 1939
CBDindustrylow-incomelow-incomemiddlemiddlehigh-incomehighrail
The claim
Cities grow in wedges, not rings. Once a high-rent area starts in one direction, usually along a fast road, a ridge or a waterfront, it keeps moving outward along that line. Industry follows the rail line and river in its own wedge.
Drawn from
142 American cities, mapped for the Federal Housing Administration
Critics
Hoyt wrote for the FHA, and his rent maps fed the rating system that redlined Black neighborhoods. Critics also note that the model is about housing rent and says little about where jobs go.
What it says about height
Wedges point the growth of the CBD in a direction: the office core creeps toward the high-income wedge (Chicago's Michigan Avenue, Atlanta's Peachtree). The tallest new towers often sit on the CBD edge that faces the rich sector.

Multiple nuclei

Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman · 1945
CBDlow-incomewholesalehigh-incomeheavy ind.outlyingnucleussuburbmiddle-income
The claim
A city has several centers, not one. Some uses need each other (offices and hotels), some repel each other (heavy industry and expensive homes), and some cannot pay central rents. So the city sorts into separate nuclei around the old CBD, a port, a university, an outlying shopping district.
Drawn from
Seattle and American cities in general
Critics
Hard to falsify: almost any map can be divided into nuclei afterward. It describes the pattern without saying how many centers a city should have or when a new one appears.
What it says about height
More centers means the demand for height is shared out. Expect a shorter CBD plus several clusters of medium towers. Los Angeles and Atlanta fit; their skylines are spread across several hills of height.

Rings of land use

Johann Heinrich von Thünen · 1826
gardens, dairyforestgrainranchingmarket town
The claim
The first rent model. A farmer pays for land by what is left after hauling the crop to market. Perishable or heavy goods (milk, vegetables, firewood) must grow close; grain farther; cattle that walk to market farthest. Rings appear with no planning at all.
Drawn from
His estate at Tellow, Mecklenburg
Critics
It assumes a flat, featureless plain and one market. Thünen himself bent the rings along a navigable river. Modern transport made the rings far wider and messier.
What it says about height
This is the root of every later model. Replace "haul the crop" with "commute to the office" and the same arithmetic produces a downtown: the land that saves the most travel earns the most rent, and the highest rent buys the most floors.

Bid-rent

William Alonso · 1964
rent per sq ftdistance from the center →officeshousingfarmsbuilding height follows the rent
The claim
Each use draws a line of how much it can pay at each distance from the center. Offices value access the most, so their line is steepest; housing next; farms flattest. Whoever bids highest at a spot gets it. The upper edge of the lines (gold) is the land-rent surface, and the city's rings fall out of where the lines cross.
Drawn from
A general model of the American city (with Muth and Mills after him)
Critics
It assumes one center, perfect markets and identical households. It cannot see zoning, race, or history. Polycentric cities break the single peak.
What it says about height
The direct link to height: where rent is highest, it pays to substitute capital for land, stacking floors instead of buying ground. The steeper the office line, the taller the core. Read the small bars along the bottom: building height follows the rent curve.

Urban realms

James Vance Jr. · 1964
old CBDrealm corerealm corerealm corefreeways
The claim
The metropolis is a set of realms, each nearly self-sufficient with its own core of jobs and shops. The old downtown is just one realm among several. Size, terrain, the reach of the freeways and the type of economy set the borders.
Drawn from
The San Francisco Bay Area
Critics
Realms leak: people cross them daily to work. The model describes the car era and is weak on how realms rank against each other.
What it says about height
If each realm has a core, the old CBD loses its monopoly on access. Its towers become one cluster among several; height competes across realms. The Bay Area's split between San Francisco, Oakland and San Jose shows the pattern.

Edge city

Joel Garreau · 1991
old downtownedge city at the interchangeedge citybeltway
The claim
New downtowns appear where freeways cross, out on the beltway. An edge city has at least 5 million square feet of office space, 600,000 of retail, more jobs than bedrooms, and was farmland or houses 30 years earlier.
Drawn from
Tysons Corner, Virginia, and 200 other American cases
Critics
The definition is a checklist, not a theory. Robert Lang showed much office space is "edgeless", scattered rather than clustered. Edge cities are car-bound and slow to become walkable.
What it says about height
Edge cities grow medium towers, not tall ones. The push upward is weaker because land around the interchange is cheap, but when rail arrives (Tysons' Silver Line, 2014) density and height climb. Look at the Tysons and Rosslyn panels below.

The Latin American city

Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford · 1980
CBDelite sectorspinematurityin situ accretionsquatter peripheryperiférico
The claim
An old colonial CBD and plaza, with a commercial spine running out toward an elite residential sector. Around them, rings get poorer with distance: a zone of maturity, then one of in situ accretion where self-built homes are improved slowly, then squatter settlements on the edge. A ring road (periférico) ties the outer city together.
Drawn from
Bogotá, Lima, Mexico City and other Latin American capitals (revised by Ford, 1996)
Critics
It reads the European and North American pattern in reverse and fits some cities better than others. Since the 1990s, gated enclaves, malls and gentrified old centers have scrambled it.
What it says about height
The spine is where the towers go: Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City, the Avenida Paulista strip in São Paulo. Height follows the elite sector out of the old center along the spine rather than piling on the colonial core.

The Southeast Asian city

Terence McGee · 1967
port zoneWesterncommercialaliencommercialgovernmentmixednew suburbssquatters, market gardens
The claim
The colonial port is the focus, not a CBD. Around it sit separate zones: a Western commercial district, an "alien" commercial zone run by Chinese traders, a government zone, mixed use, new suburbs, market gardens and squatter areas, with industrial estates on the edge.
Drawn from
Port cities such as Jakarta, Bangkok, Manila and Singapore
Critics
Built on the colonial city; postcolonial growth, export industry and mega-urban regions (desakota, McGee's own later term) have outgrown it. The ethnic labels date it.
What it says about height
Height lands on the Western commercial zone and later on the government and financial districts. Bangkok's Silom and Sathorn, Singapore's Raffles Place: old port-side commerce turned into the tower core.

The Los Angeles school

Michael Dear and Steven Flusty · 1998
citadel downtownkeno capitalism: each square a bet
The claim
The center no longer organizes the edge; the edge organizes itself. Land is developed parcel by parcel like a bet on a keno card, with gated enclaves, a fortified "citadel" downtown, and global capital deciding where things go. Chicago's rings are the past; Los Angeles is the future.
Drawn from
Los Angeles and Southern California
Critics
Chicago school defenders reply that LA has strong patterns too, and that "chaos" is a description, not an explanation. Others find the model more polemic than test.
What it says about height
Towers follow the bets of global investors, not a smooth rent surface. You get a citadel downtown of corporate towers, then clusters wherever capital lands (Century City, Wilshire, Glendale), with low-rise sprawl between.
Go deeper

Lessons: SO1.17 Park, Burgess and the concentric zonesPreview APMIC 19 Land, rent and the bid-rent curvePreview APHG 18 Inside the cityPreview CR1.12 The Chicago School: crime and placePreview

Drawer: How Cities Grow: Rings, Wedges, Nuclei and the Vertical Push

Supplements: Theory card: Ernest Burgess · Theory card: Homer Hoyt · Theory card: Harris and Ullman · Theory card: von Thünen

The models side by side

ModelYearShapeHow many centersWhat drives itPrediction for CBD height
von Thünen rings1826RingsOne marketTransport cost to marketRoot logic: rent falls with distance
Burgess concentric zones1925RingsOneInvasion and succession of groupsOne tall peak at the center
Hoyt sectors1939WedgesOneHigh-rent areas follow fast routes outwardTall edge leans toward the rich wedge
Harris–Ullman multiple nuclei1945CellsSeveralUses attract or repel each otherShorter core, several mid-rise clusters
Alonso bid-rent1964Rings from crossing rent linesOneEach use's willingness to pay for accessHeight tracks the rent curve; steepest at the center
Vance urban realms1964RealmsSeveral, near equalFreeways, terrain, sizeHeight shared across realm cores
McGee Southeast Asian city1967Zones around the portPort focusColonial trade and ethnic divisionTowers on the old Western commercial zone
Griffin–Ford Latin American city1980Rings plus a spineOne plus spineElite sector, self-built peripheryTowers march out along the spine
Garreau edge city1991Nodes on the beltwayManyFreeway interchanges, cheap landMedium towers at interchanges; taller with rail
Los Angeles school1998Keno boardNo ruling centerGlobal capital, parcel by parcelCitadel downtown plus scattered clusters

2 · The shapes of real CBDs

Our sketched CBD outlines are rough: five are circles drawn at a radius, most others are hand-drawn boxes. So the panels let the buildings speak. Every building in our database at 150 feet or taller is a dot; where they cluster tightly (at least five within 300 meters of each other, chained together) the largest cluster becomes the vertical core, shaded gold. Our own outlines and radii are laid over it as dashed red lines, so you can see where the sketch and the skyline disagree.

Every panel is drawn at the same scale, 7 km across, so Chicago's core and Bethesda's can be compared by eye. Beneath each map: the core's size and shape, and the conditions that pushed it up (F, favorable to a vertical push) or held it down or let it spread (U, unfavorable).

vertical core 150–299 ft 300–499 ft 500 ft and up 800 ft and up our CBD outline our CBD radius river open water

Chicago

Estate outline #2: Chicago CBD · 4.19 sq miEstate outline #8: Downtown · 1.74 sq miSimpson Querrey Biomedical Research Center · 161 ftLakeside on the Park · 161 ftJoan and Paul Rubschlager Tower · 161 ftMargaux · 161 ftColumbia College Chicago Alexandroff Campus Center · 161 ftHarrison Street Lofts · 161 ftCollege of Medicine East Tower · 161 ftStaypineapple, An Iconic Hotel, The Loop · 161 ftFranklin-Van Buren Parking Garage · 161 ftChicago Building · 161 ftEMME Chicago · 161 ftPontiac Building · 161 ftThe Mondial · 161 ftAlta Grand Central · 161 ftTerminals Building · 161 ftIntercounty Title Building · 161 ft233 East Walton · 161 ft250 South Wacker · 161 ftEmbry · 161 ftWicker Park Connection · 161 ftMason · 161 ftThe Kimpton Gray Hotel · 161 ftIvy Hotel · 161 ftWest End on Fulton · 161 ftHilton Loading Dock · 161 ftHuron Pointe · 161 ft1225 Old Town · 172 ftLake/Wells Self Park · 172 ftLewis Towers · 172 ftMillennium Knickerbocker Hotel Chicago · 172 ftO'Malley Place · 172 ft1339 North Dearborn Street · 172 ft1030 North Dearborn Street · 172 ftThe St. Clair Hotel · 172 ftThe Venetian · 172 ft30 East Division Street · 172 ft1250 North LaSalle Drive · 172 ft1664 West Division Street · 172 ftI Am Temple · 172 ftThe Park Lincoln · 172 ftFairfield Inn & Suites Chicago Downtown/Magnificent Mile · 172 ft1309 North Wells Street · 172 ft1366 North Dearborn Street · 172 ftThe Whitney · 172 ft1320 North State Parkway · 172 ft400 West Huron Street · 172 ftBurlington Building · 172 ftContemporaine · 172 ftSullivan Center · 172 ftJeffJack Apartments · 172 ftHarris Trust · 172 ftLoyola University Tower · 172 ftACME Hotel Company · 172 ftHotel Indigo Chicago Downtown Gold Coast · 172 ftFederal Reserve Bank of Chicago · 172 ftHoliday Inn Express Chicago - Magnificent Mile · 172 ft350 North LaSalle · 172 ftSelina Hotel Chicago · 172 ftHome Federal Building · 172 ftMarlowe · 172 ft345 N Morgan · 177 ft740 West Fulton Condominiums · 180 ftThe Rookery · 180 ftChicago Water Tower · 182 ftThe Seneca · 184 ft2000 North Lincoln Park West · 184 ftBelden Stratford Apartments · 184 ftFreehand Chicago · 184 ftDelaware Towers · 184 ftRandolph Place Lofts · 184 ftSeventy East Lake · 184 ftLibrary Tower · 184 ftSearle Medical Research Building · 184 ftMonroe Building · 184 ftWebster House Apartments · 184 ft300 North Park Tower · 184 ftAmbassador Hotel · 184 ftThe Residences at Hudson & Huron · 184 ft810 North Clark Street · 184 ft30 East Apartments · 184 ftHyatt House Chicago West Loop-Fulton Market · 184 ftDwight Lofts · 184 ftCentury Building · 184 ftChicago Bar Assocication Building · 184 ftButler Building · 184 ftThomas Flannery Apartments · 184 ftZurich · 184 ftThe Belvedere · 184 ftElm Tower · 184 ftLewis Center · 184 ftFulton House · 184 ftThe Talbott Hotel · 184 ftGateway West Loop · 184 ftGibbons Building · 184 ft311 W Huron · 184 ft1335 North Astor Street · 184 ft1540 North State Parkway Condominium · 184 ftThe Godfrey Hotel Chicago · 184 ftSage West Loop · 194 ft1920 North Clark Street · 195 ft11-21 West Goethe Street · 195 ftArt Institute Dormitory · 195 ft167 Green Street · 195 ftCongress Center · 195 ftCanterbury Court Apartments · 195 ft39 South State Street · 195 ft340 West Superior · 195 ft21 West Chestnut · 195 ftHome2 Suites by Hilton Chicago River North · 195 ftMarquette Building · 195 ftKinzie Hotel · 195 ftRiver Center · 195 ft65 East Scott Street · 195 ftUnion West · 195 ftThe Peninsula Chicago · 195 ftState-Madison Building · 195 ftLaSalle Court Apartments · 195 ftCohn Research Building · 195 ftLakeview Buidling · 195 ft19 South LaSalle Street · 195 ftPrinters Corner · 195 ftEast-West University Student Life Center · 195 ftRailway Exchange Building · 195 ftCentennial Wheel · 196 ft330 South Wells Apartments · 203 ftJohn Marshall Law School · 203 ftMerchandise Mart · 207 ft565 West Quincy Street · 207 ft550 West Jackson Boulevard · 207 ftThe Neapolitan · 207 ftHyatt Place Chicago/Downtown - The Loop · 207 ftPark Place · 207 ftLaSalle Towers Apartments · 207 ftAbbott Hall · 207 ftTraders Building · 207 ft211-219 East Ontario Street · 207 ftRaffaello Hotel · 207 ftChicago Athletic Association · 207 ftUnion Tower · 207 ft209 East Lake Shore Drive · 207 ftChicago Athletic Association Hotel · 207 ftMorningside North · 207 ftCook County Hospital Administration Building · 207 ftMacclean Center · 207 ftFullerton Parkway Towers · 207 ft399-401 West Fullerton Parkway · 207 ftTarry Medical Research and Education Building · 207 ftResidence Inn Chicago Downtown Magnificent Mile · 207 ftRenelle on the River · 207 ftPrentice Women's Hospital · 207 ftHampton Inn Chicago Downtown/North Loop · 207 ft501 North Clark Street · 207 ftRoosevelt University Wabash Building · 207 ftGallery 400 · 212 ftArthur on Aberdeen · 213 ftOld Chicago Post Office · 215 ft3Eleven · 217 ftTwo River Place · 217 ft345 East Superior Street · 218 ftSonesta ES Chicago Downtown Magnificent Mile · 218 ft20 East Cedar · 218 ftConsumers Building · 218 ft333 North Green · 218 ft550 West Adams Street · 218 ftVision on State · 218 ftUniversity Center · 218 ftFashion Trades Building · 218 ftTowers Condominium · 218 ft1516 North State Parkway · 218 ftThe Westin Chicago River North · 218 ft71 East Division Street · 218 ftAtrio · 218 ft2432-2442 North Lakeview Avenue · 218 ft1540 North LaSalle Drive · 218 ftMichigan Avenue Lofts · 218 ft1430 North Astor Street · 218 ft1344 North Dearborn Street · 218 ftMilieu · 218 ftThe Allegro Royal Sonesta Hotel Chicago Loop · 218 ftOne North State Street · 218 ftWorcester House · 218 ftRichard M. and Maggie C. Daley Building · 218 ftLake Shore Center · 218 ftSteger Building · 218 ftElm Tower · 218 ftUniversity Club of Chicago · 222 ftManhattan Building · 224 ftThe Whitehall Hotel · 230 ftHarris Bank Center Building · 230 ftBurnham Park Plaza · 230 ft625 West Adams Street · 230 ft150 West Maple Street · 230 ft1440 North State Parkway · 230 ftThe National Building · 230 ft10 West Elm · 230 ftLidia Pucinska Annex · 230 ftMichigan Place · 230 ftStevens Building · 230 ftHomewood Suites by Hilton Chicago Downtown · 230 ftMichigan Boulevard Building · 230 ftAvra · 230 ft2402-2420 North Clark Street · 230 ft212 West Washington Condominium Association · 230 ft40 East Oak · 230 ftMaple Tower · 230 ftThe Grand Orleans · 236 ft1 East Schiller Street · 241 ft40 East Cedar · 241 ft30 East Elm Street · 241 ftThe Leo · 241 ftChatelaine Tower Apartments · 241 ftMajestic Building · 241 ftParc Huron · 241 ftBorg-Warner Building · 241 ftColumbia College South Campus Building · 241 ftGarland Building · 241 ft1100-1110 North Dearborn Street · 241 ftChicago Fire Department Engine Company 42 · 241 ft100 South Wacker · 244 ftCortland River North · 249 ftHyatt Centric The Loop Chicago · 253 ftPatrick Sullivan Apartments · 253 ftMetropolitan Building · 253 ftLoop Center Building · 253 ft1360 North Lake Shore Drive · 253 ft757 North Orleans Street · 253 ft1350 North Lake Shore Drive · 253 ftTransportation Building · 253 ftThompson Chicago · 253 ft860 North Dewitt · 253 ftUnion League Club · 253 ftThe Farallon · 253 ftRiver North Park · 253 ftCadillac Palace Theatre · 253 ftAMLI 900 · 255 ft55 West Wacker · 256 ftQuaker Plaza · 259 ftEsplanade Apartments I · 260 ft300 East Ohio Street · 260 ftErie Centre · 262 ft2120 North Lincoln Park West · 264 ftHarris Bank East Building · 264 ft253 East Delaware · 264 ft180 North Michigan Avenue · 264 ftThe Blackstone, Autograph Collection · 264 ftRandolph-Wells Building · 264 ft108 North Jefferson Street · 264 ftCourtyard Chicago Downtown/Magnificent Mile · 264 ft1250 North Dearborn · 264 ftOne East Scott · 264 ftEngineering Building · 264 ftAvenir · 264 ft1317-1325 North State Parkway · 264 ftMDA City Apartments · 264 ft25 East Washington · 264 ftHubbard221 · 266 ft899 South Plymouth Court · 269 ftThe 808 Cleveland · 272 ftMichael A. Bilandic Building · 274 ftLawson House Apartments · 276 ft1150 North Lake Shore Drive · 276 ftInland Steel Building · 276 ftOld Republic Building · 276 ftKennelly Square · 276 ftHilton Garden Inn Chicago Downtown/Magnificent Mile · 276 ftAloft Chicago - Magnificent Mile · 276 ftRiver Place on the Park · 276 ft1500 North Lake Shore Drive · 276 ftFisher Building · 276 ftAnn & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital · 276 ftThe Warvick · 276 ftMontgomery Ward Memorial Building · 279 ft180 North Jefferson · 279 ftParq Fulton · 282 ftHeyworth Building · 282 ftEmbassy Suites by Hilton Chicago Downtown Magnificent Mile · 284 ftMallers Building · 285 ft120 Riverside Plaza · 285 ft10 South Riverside Plaza · 285 ftSouth La Salle Street Building · 285 ftThe Grand on Grand · 285 ftVirgin Hotels Chicago · 287 ftWest77 Apartments · 287 ftArkes Family Pavilion · 287 ftDelaware Place on the Park · 287 ftMillinery Mart Building · 287 ft33 North Dearborn Building · 287 ft500 North Michigan · 287 ftKingsbury on the Park · 287 ftThe Apartments at Lincoln Common · 287 ftThe Hudson · 287 ftLawyers Building · 287 ftMetropolitan Correctional Center · 289 ft30 W Oak · 289 ftAvenue East · 291 ftErie on the Park · 292 ftThe Wade · 298 ft167 East Ohio Street · 299 ftStreeterville Centre · 299 ft4 East Elm · 299 ftBaumhart Hall · 299 ftThe Grand Ohio Condominiums · 299 ftThe Hermitage on Huron · 299 ftWarwick Allerton Hotel Chicago · 299 ftThe Parkside · 299 ftEurostars Magnificent Mile · 299 ftThe Residences at 8 East Huron · 299 ftBurnham Center · 299 ftInsurance Exchange Building · 299 ft2144 North Lincoln Park West · 299 ft1415 North Dearborn Street · 299 ftEleven40 · 299 ftFlair Tower · 299 ft860 Lake Shore Drive · 299 ftState Place · 299 ft303 West Madison · 299 ftParkline · 299 ft201 East Chestnut Street · 299 ft880 Lake Shore Drive · 299 ftSharp Building · 303 ftWintrust Financial Corparation · 305 ftGoogle Center · 308 ft200 West Jackson · 310 ftHilton Garden Inn Chicago / North Loop · 310 ftPark Astor · 310 ft901 South Plymouth Court · 310 ftFoundry · 310 ft840 North Lake Shore Drive · 310 ftAdmiral's Pointe · 310 ftThe Westin Michigan Avenue Chicago · 310 ft1410 North State Parkway · 310 ftState Parkway Condominiums · 310 ftHotel Audrey · 310 ftRitchie Court Condominiums · 310 ftThe Bernardin · 310 ftHyatt Centric Chicago Magnificent Mile · 310 ft1212 North Lasalle · 310 ft400 North Dearborn Street · 310 ft1122 North Dearborn · 310 ftRenaissance Chicago Downtown Hotel · 310 ft630 North State Street · 310 ft50 East Bellevue · 310 ft625 North Michigan Avenue · 310 ftBurnham Pointe · 312 ftMcCormick Building · 314 ft200 West Monroe · 315 ftThe Elizabeth · 315 ftTwo North LaSalle · 315 ftImprint · 315 ft1000 South Clark · 315 ftLondon Guarantee Building · 318 ftLondon House Chicago · 320 ftThe Parker · 321 ftThe Constellation · 322 ft230 East Ontario Street · 322 ftNoble Square Co-Op · 322 ftEsplanade Apartments II · 322 ftState Tower · 322 ftSeven 7 Seven · 322 ftSoNo · 322 ftDickinson House · 322 ftCummings House · 322 ftAlcott House · 322 ftEliot House · 322 ftBryant House · 322 ftThe Lancaster · 325 ftVetro · 325 ft101 North Wacker Drive · 325 ftADA Building · 330 ft525 West Monroe · 330 ftConcord City Centre · 331 ft2314 North Lincoln Park West · 333 ftAstor Tower · 333 ftMichigan Avenue Tower 1 · 333 ftLowell House · 333 ftJohn Fewkes Tower · 333 ftRitchie Tower · 333 ftPearson on the Park · 333 ft680 North Lake Shore Drive · 333 ft2400 North Lakeview · 333 ftThe Cooper · 333 ftThe Caravel · 333 ftHemingway House · 333 ftTransUnion Building · 335 ftCentury Tower · 336 ftUniversity Hall · 338 ftThe Concourse at 203 · 338 ftHome Insurance Building · 340 ftBuilders Building · 341 ft1418 North Lake Shore Drive · 344 ftLincoln Park Tower · 345 ftFaulkner House · 345 ftChestnut Place Apartments · 345 ftAstor House · 345 ft530 Lake Shore Drive · 345 ftSofitel Chicago Magnificent Mile · 348 ftPark Alexandria · 348 ftLinea · 348 ft303 East Wacker · 348 ftFlorsheim Tower · 351 ft230 West Monroe · 353 ft858-866 North Clark Street · 356 ft1212 South Michigan · 356 ftBellevue Place · 356 ftThe Aurélien · 356 ft100 West Chestnut · 356 ftOne Illinois Center · 361 ftKinzie Park Tower · 364 ftEchelon Chicago · 364 ftOne East Delaware · 366 ft1111 North Dearborn · 367 ftK2 · 367 ft1240 North Lake Shore Drive · 367 ftGold Coast Galleria · 367 ftAmericana Towers · 367 ftTwo Illinois Center · 367 ft1111 South Wabash · 367 ftArkadia Tower · 369 ftAstoria Tower · 371 ft33 West Monroe · 374 ft990 North Lake Shore Drive · 379 ftElle Apartments · 379 ftHyatt Regency Chicago · 379 ftMichigan Terrace Condos · 379 ftFlora · 379 ft1133 North Dearborn · 379 ftDirksen Federal Building and US Courthouse · 384 ftThe Fairbanks at Cityfront Place · 387 ftThe Chandler · 387 ft41 East 8th Street · 387 ftWells Street Tower · 387 ft1550 North Lake Shore Drive · 390 ftThe Buckingham · 390 ftElm Street Plaza · 390 ft150 East Huron Street · 394 ftChicago Marriott · 395 ft333 North Michigan · 396 ftRalph H. Metcalfe Federal Building · 397 ftAvondale Center · 400 ft360 North Green Street · 400 ftMillennium Park Plaza · 400 ftGeorge W. Dunne Cook County Administration Building · 402 ft200 East Delaware · 402 ft2500 North Lakeview · 402 ftThe Pearson · 402 ftTime-Life Building · 404 ftThe Montgomery · 404 ftMuseum Tower · 407 ft200 West Adams Street · 407 ftTwo First National Building · 407 ftOnni Fulton Market · 410 ftHeitman Center · 410 ftState & Chestnut · 410 ft1440 North Lake Shore Drive · 413 ftNorthern Trust Bank · 413 ftThe Chicagoan · 413 ftBoeing World Headquarters · 413 ftChestnut Tower · 413 ft150 South Wacker · 413 ft1212 Lake Shore Drive Condominium · 413 ft444 North Michigan · 420 ftSkybridge · 420 ftSky55 · 423 ftNo. 9 Walton · 425 ftCascade · 425 ftAmerican Medical Association · 427 ftFairmont Hotel Chicago · 427 ft225 West Randolph · 427 ftMcClurg Court Center · 430 ft225 West Wacker · 433 ft123 North Wacker Drive · 433 ftSilver Tower · 433 ft777 North Michigan · 436 ftWrigley Building · 438 ftWilloughby Tower · 438 ft1001 South State · 440 ft300 South Wacker · 443 ftOptima Center Chicago · 443 ftThe Elm at Clark · 448 ftWalton on the Park · 448 ft2020 North Lincoln Park West · 448 ftThe Royal Sonesta Chicago Downtown · 448 ft2 East Oak Street · 448 ftOld Town Park III · 448 ft369 Grand · 448 ftGallery on Wells Apartments · 448 ft2 East Erie · 448 ftLake & Wells Apartments · 449 ftFifth Third Center · 449 ftThe Shoreham · 449 ftResidence Inn Chicago Downtown/Loop · 453 ftRiverbend · 453 ftEquitable Building · 456 ftSwissotel Chicago · 456 ftThe Carlyle · 459 ft1100 North Lake Shore Drive · 459 ftThe Residences at Grand Plaza · 459 ft1300 North Lake Shore Drive · 459 ftRandolph Tower · 462 ft200 N Dearborn · 463 ftThe Regatta · 466 ft500 North Lake Shore Drive · 466 ftInterContinental Chicago Hotel · 469 ftColumbus Plaza · 469 ftOmni Chicago Hotel · 469 ft73 East Lake · 469 ftThe Reed · 471 ftMetropolitan Tower · 475 ftBankers Building · 476 ft33 North LaSalle · 479 ftAccenture Tower · 482 ftEugenie Square · 482 ftThe Bristol · 482 ft333 Wacker Drive · 487 ftMILA · 489 ftWolf Point West · 492 ftPNC Centre · 492 ft235 West Van Buren Street · 492 ftThe Plaza on DeWitt · 494 ftJames House · 494 ftThe Walton Residence · 494 ft727 West Madison · 495 ft50 East Chestnut · 495 ftParkview West · 498 ft200 South Wacker · 499 ftThe Tides · 499 ft10 South LaSalle · 502 ft120 North LaSalle · 502 ftEugenie Terrace on the Park · 505 ft400 East Ohio Street · 505 ftJessie White State of Illinois Building · 509 ft321 North Clark · 509 ft215 West Apartments · 509 ftLaSalle - Wacker Building · 512 ft600 North Lake Shore Drive · 513 ft191 North Wacker · 515 ft425 South Financial Place · 515 ft401 East Ontario Street · 515 ftOne Financial Place · 515 ft151 North Franklin · 517 ftThe Columbian · 518 ftClub Quarters Hotel, Wacker at Michigan · 518 ftKemper Building · 522 ftHarbor Point · 525 ft35 East Wacker · 527 ftOne North LaSalle · 528 ftNorth Harbor Tower · 535 ftFranklin Center South Tower · 538 ft1555 North Astor · 540 ftCirrus · 540 ftAMLI River North · 541 ftPark Millennium · 545 ftKluczynski Federal Building · 545 ft30 North LaSalle · 548 ftOne South Wacker · 550 ftNewberry Plaza · 553 ftThe Parkshore · 554 ftStreeter Place · 554 ftMichigan Plaza South · 554 ftPittsfield Building · 557 ftKingsbury Plaza · 563 ftPlaza 440 · 563 ftWindsor at Ontario Place · 563 ftPalmolive Building · 565 ftLoews Chicago Downtown · 569 ftOnterie Center · 570 ftOne South Dearborn · 571 ftNorth Pier Tower · 581 ftCrain Communications Building · 581 ftBMO Tower · 586 ftOptima Signature · 587 ftMarina City · 587 ftThe Clare at Water Tower · 587 ftMadison Plaza · 597 ftHeller International Building · 600 ftOne Prudential Plaza · 601 ftChicago Board of Trade Building · 604 ftChicago Place · 607 ftMillennium Centre · 610 ftOneEleven · 613 ftEssex on the Park · 620 ft353 North Clark · 623 ftNBC Tower · 627 ftThe Heritage at Millennium Park · 630 ftLeo Burnett Building · 635 ft155 North Wacker · 637 ftGrand Plaza Apartments · 640 ft30 East Huron Private Residences · 643 ftRiver East Center · 644 ft55 East Erie · 646 ftUBS Tower · 650 ft77 West Wacker Drive · 668 ftOne Magnificent Mile · 673 ftWolf Point East · 679 ft111 South Wacker · 682 ftWaldorf Astoria Chicago · 686 ft330 North Wabash · 695 ft55 West Monroe · 720 ft150 N Riverside · 724 ftThe Fordham · 744 ftChicago Title & Trust Building · 755 ftThe Pinnacle · 755 ftThree First National Plaza · 767 ft1000 Lake Shore Plaza · 770 ft340 on the Park · 771 ftRiver Point · 776 ftOlympia Centre · 787 ft1000M · 787 ftBlue Cross Blue Shield Tower · 799 ftThe Legacy at Millennium Park · 800 ftOne Museum Park West · 801 ft181 West Madison · 801 ft110 North Wacker · 803 ftPark Tower · 844 ftAqua · 859 ftChase Tower · 868 ftOne Museum Park · 914 ft311 South Wacker Drive · 961 ftJohn Hancock Center · 1,128 ftAon Center · 1,136 ftSt. Regis Chicago · 1,191 ftTrump International Hotel and Tower · 1,389 ftWillis Tower · 1,451 ft1 kmN
683 towers in the core · 6.46 sq mi
compactness 0.32 · elongation 3.68 : 1 · long axis north–south
tallest: Willis Tower (1,451 ft)

A long, narrow core: something (a shore, a ridge, a rail line) lines it up north–south.

  • FLake Michigan closes the east side, so growth goes north, south and up
  • FRail terminals and the elevated Loop ring concentrated access in one square mile
  • USoft clay over bedrock: towers need caissons sunk 100 ft or more

New York (Manhattan)

Estate radius: Midtown · 2.01 km14 WEST 4 STREET, Manhattan · 221 ftMerchants Building · 221 ft1120 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 221 ft319 EAST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 221 ft898 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 222 ft318 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 222 ft150 EAST 86 STREET, Manhattan · 222 ftThe Lucida · 222 ft351 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 222 ft32 WEST 29 STREET, Manhattan · 222 ft23-21 44 DRIVE, Queens · 222 ft251 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 222 ft1682 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 222 ft1389 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 222 ft1852 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft550 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft433 WEST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft1110 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft110 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft66 CHARLTON STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft145 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ftSt. James Building · 223 ft1285 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft70 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft450 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft30 WEST 18 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft205 EAST 85 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft479 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft531 MAIN STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft2040 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft53 WEST 14 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft144 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft1634 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft25-34 JACKSON AVENUE, Queens · 223 ft1250 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft315 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft251 EAST 32 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft1005 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft540 WEST 21 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft246 MERCER STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft1372 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 223 ft155 WEST 60 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft408 EAST 79 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft201 EAST 62 STREET, Manhattan · 223 ft535 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 223 ft609 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 224 ft55 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 224 ft224 EAST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 224 ft1150 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 225 ft147 WEST 35 STREET, Manhattan · 225 ft301 WEST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 225 ft24 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 225 ft965 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 225 ft39 WEST 31 STREET, Manhattan · 225 ft463 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 225 ft49 EAST 86 STREET, Manhattan · 225 ft231 EAST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 225 ft729 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 225 ft350 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 225 ft241 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 225 ft880 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 225 ft955 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 225 ft100 RIVERSIDE DRIVE, Manhattan · 225 ft270 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 225 ft5 WEST 86 STREET, Manhattan · 225 ft119 WEST 31 STREET, Manhattan · 225 ft424 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 226 ft109 EAST 56 STREET, Manhattan · 226 ft52 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 226 ftLombardy Hotel · 226 ft10 EAST 41 STREET, Manhattan · 226 ft963 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 226 ft251 WEST 30 STREET, Manhattan · 226 ft160 WEST 71 STREET, Manhattan · 226 ft334 EAST 26 STREET, Manhattan · 227 ft685 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 227 ft1026 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 227 ft34 WEST 38 STREET, Manhattan · 227 ftThe Ansonia · 227 ft347 EAST 33 STREET, Manhattan · 227 ft785 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 227 ft1080 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 227 ft884 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 228 ft48 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 228 ft260 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 228 ft923 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 228 ft979 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 229 ft130 WEST 67 STREET, Manhattan · 229 ft875 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 229 ft152 WEST 26 STREET, Manhattan · 229 ft860 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 229 ft24-01 44 ROAD, Queens · 229 ftCourt Square Place · 229 ft38 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 229 ft205 EAST 78 STREET, Manhattan · 229 ft1995 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 229 ft605 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 229 ft39 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 229 ft228 EAST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 229 ft400 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 229 ft100 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 229 ft25 WEST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 229 ft312 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 229 ft67 WEST 47 STREET, Manhattan · 230 ft834 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 230 ft737 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 230 ft45 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 230 ft15 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 230 ft689 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 230 ft469 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 230 ft1150 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 230 ft115 EAST 55TH STREET, Manhattan · 230 ftPark Avenue Plaza · 230 ft360 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 230 ft525 WEST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 230 ft570 WASHINGTON STREET, Manhattan · 230 ft126A EAST 86TH STREET, Manhattan · 230 ft252 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 230 ftThe New School University Center · 230 ft133 WEST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 230 ft1330 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 230 ft211 WEST 29 STREET, Manhattan · 230 ft340 EAST 23 STREET, Manhattan · 230 ft275 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 230 ft235 EAST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 230 ft15 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 231 ft336 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 231 ft900 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 231 ft20 SUTTON PLACE SOUTH, Manhattan · 231 ft420 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 231 ftWeill Greenberg Center · 231 ft326 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 231 ft1 Haven Plaza · 231 ft249 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 231 ft250 FIFTH AVENUE, Manhattan · 231 ft119 EAST 23 STREET, Manhattan · 231 ft1040 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 231 ft240 EAST 86 STREET, Manhattan · 231 ft1301 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 231 ft1140 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 231 ft737 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 232 ft150 WEST 28 STREET, Manhattan · 232 ft63 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 232 ft285 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 232 ftSt. John's Terminal · 232 ft35 COMMERCIAL STREET, Brooklyn · 232 ft340 WEST STREET, Manhattan · 232 ft532 WASHINGTON STREET, Manhattan · 232 ft79 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 232 ft985 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 232 ft250 WEST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 233 ft1182 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 233 ft214 WEST 29 STREET, Manhattan · 233 ft141 EAST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 233 ft511 EAST 86 STREET, Manhattan · 233 ft1 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 233 ft820 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 233 ftPod 39 · 233 ft1133 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 233 ft411 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 233 ft50 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 234 ft40 EAST 80 STREET, Manhattan · 234 ft410 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 234 ft48 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 234 ft7 EAST 30 STREET, Manhattan · 234 ft469 10 AVENUE, Manhattan · 234 ft425 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 234 ft312 EAST 95 STREET, Manhattan · 234 ft218 WEST 50 STREET, Manhattan · 234 ft7 WEST 14 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft25 COOPER SQUARE, Manhattan · 235 ft225 EAST 45TH STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft223 WEST 46 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft212 9 AVENUE, Manhattan · 235 ft221 WEST 29 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft237 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 235 ft311 WEST 24 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft30 WEST 46 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft70 CHARLTON STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft407 WEST 25 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft292 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 235 ft825 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 235 ft41-42 24 STREET, Queens · 235 ft333 EAST 30 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft849 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 235 ft535 EAST 86 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft480 MAIN STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft304 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft48 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft351 EAST 51 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft397 THIRD AVENUE, Manhattan · 235 ft300 EAST 50 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft155 WEST 70 STREET, Manhattan · 235 ft273 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 235 ft320 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 235 ft1220 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 236 ft430 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 236 ft215 EAST 23 STREET, Manhattan · 236 ft338 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 236 ft400 EAST 66 STREET, Manhattan · 236 ft1001 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 237 ft76179 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 237 ftThe Michelangelo · 237 ft10 WEST 46 STREET, Manhattan · 237 ftThe Beresford · 237 ft108 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 237 ft20 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 237 ft240 WEST 65 STREET, Manhattan · 237 ft110 EAST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 238 ftNorth Building · 238 ft241 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 238 ft253 WEST 73 STREET, Manhattan · 238 ft637 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 238 ft621 COLUMBUS AVENUE, Manhattan · 238 ft362 9 AVENUE, Manhattan · 238 ft904 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 238 ft240 EAST 27 STREET, Manhattan · 238 ft79 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 239 ft338 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 239 ft591 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 239 ft252 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 239 ft770 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 239 ft253 WEST 72 STREET, Manhattan · 239 ft407 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 240 ft135 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 240 ft16 EAST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 240 ft147 EAST 47 STREET, Manhattan · 240 ftThe Ascot · 240 ft45 WEST 38 STREET, Manhattan · 240 ft250 WEST 81ST STREET, Manhattan · 240 ft1400 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 240 ft1100 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 240 ft15 EAST 33 STREET, Manhattan · 241 ft550 WEST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 241 ft183 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 241 ftThe Bentley · 241 ft159 EAST 30 STREET, Manhattan · 241 ftVeteran Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System · 241 ft121 WEST 26 STREET, Manhattan · 241 ft200 WEST 72 STREET, Manhattan · 241 ft316 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 241 ft1 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 241 ft695 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 241 ft976 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 241 ft307 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 242 ft235 EAST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 242 ft250 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 242 ft2180 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 242 ft1049 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 243 ftCroisic Building · 243 ft993 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 243 ft37 WEST 47 STREET, Manhattan · 243 ft218 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 243 ft921 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 244 ft15 WEST 47 STREET, Manhattan · 244 ft110 EAST 71 STREET, Manhattan · 244 ft137 EAST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 245 ft437 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 245 ft279 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 245 ft20 UNIVERSITY PLACE, Manhattan · 245 ft80 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 245 ft1230 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 246 ft300 EAST 83 STREET, Manhattan · 246 ft7 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 246 ft538 THIRD AVENUE, Manhattan · 246 ft5 EAST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 246 ft313 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 246 ft345 8TH AVENUE, Manhattan · 246 ft77 WEST 66 STREET, Manhattan · 246 ft424 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 246 ft305 9 AVENUE, Manhattan · 246 ft438 WEST 33RD STREET, Manhattan · 246 ft305 EAST 85 STREET, Manhattan · 246 ft128 WEST 31 STREET, Manhattan · 246 ftEvelyn H. Lauder Breast Center and Imaging Center of Memorial Sloan Kettering · 246 ft1256 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 246 ftDetlev W Bronk Laboratory · 246 ftEast Building · 246 ftSophie Fricke Hall · 246 ft333 WEST 38 STREET, Manhattan · 246 ft831 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 246 ft1050 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, Manhattan · 246 ft440 9 AVENUE, Manhattan · 247 ft406 WEST 31 STREET, Manhattan · 247 ft425 WEST 50 STREET, Manhattan · 247 ft320 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 247 ft120 EAST 12 STREET, Manhattan · 247 ft850 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 247 ft6 EAST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 248 ft200 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 248 ft100 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 248 ft216 WEST 76 STREET, Manhattan · 248 ftThe Laureate · 248 ft247 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 248 ft419 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 248 ft45 EAST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 248 ft500 EAST 62 STREET, Manhattan · 249 ftThe Peninsula New York · 249 ft130 WEST 30 STREET, Manhattan · 249 ft319 WEST 35 STREET, Manhattan · 249 ft135 WEST 50 STREET, Manhattan · 249 ft25 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 249 ft205 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 249 ft300 EAST 23 STREET, Manhattan · 250 ft300 E. 23rd Street · 250 ft1402 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 250 ft730 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 250 ftThe Cortland · 250 ftEVEN Hotel New York - Times Square South · 250 ft325 WEST 35 STREET, Manhattan · 250 ft200 EAST 21ST STREET, Manhattan · 250 ft515 WEST 18TH STREET, Manhattan · 250 ft341 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 250 ft555 WEST 22ND STREET, Manhattan · 250 ftThe Kenilworth · 250 ft45 TUDOR CITY PLACE, Manhattan · 250 ft42 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 251 ft260 WEST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 251 ft5 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 251 ft22 WEST 15 STREET, Manhattan · 251 ft23 EAST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 251 ft264 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 251 ft505 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 251 ft180 VARICK STREET, Manhattan · 251 ft1230 MADISON AVE, Manhattan · 252 ft784 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 253 ft915 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 253 ft320 WEST 38 STREET, Manhattan · 253 ftNYU Gramercy Green · 253 ft1680 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 253 ftEmpire Building · 253 ft594 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 253 ft1589 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 253 ft24 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 254 ftMcKeon Hall · 254 ft1991 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 254 ft453 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 254 ft522 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 254 ft893 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 254 ft2 TIMES SQUARE, Manhattan · 255 ft205 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 255 ftThe Marmara Park Avenue · 255 ft122 EAST 23 STREET, Manhattan · 255 ft114 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 255 ft114 EAST 32 STREET, Manhattan · 255 ft200 WEST 41 STREET, Manhattan · 255 ft1533 THIRD AVENUE, Manhattan · 256 ft144 WEST 30 STREET, Manhattan · 256 ft27 WEST 38TH STREET, Manhattan · 256 ft220 EAST 65 STREET, Manhattan · 256 ft590 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 256 ft580 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 256 ft25 TUDOR CITY PLACE, Manhattan · 257 ft511 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 257 ft307 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 257 ft21 EAST 12 STREET, Manhattan · 257 ft1233 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 257 ft360 WEST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 257 ft120 WEST 41 STREET, Manhattan · 257 ft271 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 257 ft88 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 257 ft322 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 258 ft630 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 258 ft23 WEST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 258 ft543 WEST 25 STREET, Manhattan · 258 ft2717 42ND ROAD, Queens · 258 ft450 WEST 33RD STREET, Manhattan · 258 ft215 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 258 ft1180 6TH AVE, Manhattan · 258 ft561 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 258 ft425 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 258 ft274 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 258 ft425 EAST 66 STREET, Manhattan · 259 ft312 EAST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 259 ftRockefeller Research Laboratories · 259 ft2380 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 260 ft111 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 260 ft1140 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 260 ft165 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 260 ft3 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 260 ft102 CHARLTON STREET, Manhattan · 261 ft1275 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 261 ft400 EAST 90 STREET, Manhattan · 261 ft322 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 261 ft529 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 261 ft215 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 262 ft170 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 262 ft25 WEST 51 STREET, Manhattan · 262 ftThe Cube · 262 ft180 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 262 ft980 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 262 ft445 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 262 ft350 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 262 ft32 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 262 ft400 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 262 ft315 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 262 ft12 WEST 27 STREET, Manhattan · 263 ft303 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 263 ft140 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 263 ft1441 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 263 ft16 EAST 46 STREET, Manhattan · 263 ft319 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 264 ft4610 CENTER BOULEVARD, Queens · 264 ft150 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 264 ft160 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 264 ft62 WEST 62 STREET, Manhattan · 264 ft55 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 264 ft375 HUDSON STREET, Manhattan · 264 ft263 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 265 ft488 MADISON AVE, Manhattan · 265 ft4 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 265 ft341 HUDSON STREET, Manhattan · 265 ft386 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 265 ft18 EAST 41 STREET, Manhattan · 266 ft245 EAST 54 STREET, Manhattan · 266 ft510 WEST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 266 ft531 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 266 ft740 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 267 ft52 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 267 ft480 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 267 ft325 WEST 33 STREET, Manhattan · 267 ft11 EAST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 267 ft845 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft720 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft250 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft340 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft33 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft460 WEST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 268 ftEquator LLC / The Timber Group · 268 ft443 LAFAYETTE STREET, Manhattan · 268 ft223 AVENUE C, Manhattan · 268 ft841 10 AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft1810 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft498 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft1412 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 268 ft653 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft520 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft330 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft400 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 268 ft315 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 269 ft200 EAST 82 STREET, Manhattan · 269 ftAvalon West Chelsea · 269 ft546 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 269 ft200 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 269 ft390 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 269 ft1430 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 270 ft2-20 MALT DRIVE, Queens · 270 ft900 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 270 ft212 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 270 ft412 WEST 15 STREET, Manhattan · 271 ft61 WEST 62 STREET, Manhattan · 271 ft420 EAST 58 STREET, Manhattan · 271 ft201 WEST 72 STREET, Manhattan · 271 ftThe Ashley · 271 ft345 EAST 94 STREET, Manhattan · 271 ftMadison Green Residential Plaza · 272 ft554 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 273 ft450 WEST 17 STREET, Manhattan · 273 ft1212 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 274 ft307 WEST 38TH STREET, Manhattan · 274 ft241 WEST 28 STREET, Manhattan · 274 ft1120 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 274 ft10 UNION SQUARE EAST, Manhattan · 274 ft523 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 274 ft39 WEST 23RD STREET, Manhattan · 274 ft460 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 274 ft902 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 274 ft660 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 275 ft451 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 275 ft500 WEST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 275 ft141 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 276 ft401 EAST 84 STREET, Manhattan · 276 ftGramercy Place · 276 ft278 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 276 ft311 EAST 38 STREET, Manhattan · 277 ft100 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 277 ft11 EAST 26 STREET, Manhattan · 277 ft736 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 278 ft15 EAST 26 STREET, Manhattan · 278 ftMasonic Hall · 278 ft41 COLUMBUS AVENUE, Manhattan · 278 ft105 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 278 ft52 VANDERBILT AVENUE, Manhattan · 278 ft716 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 278 ft225 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 278 ft206 EAST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 279 ft768 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 279 ft201 EAST 80 STREET, Manhattan · 279 ftUniversity Towers Apartments I · 279 ft45 EAST 80 STREET, Manhattan · 279 ftML House · 279 ft1 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 279 ft334 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 279 ft10 WEST 55TH STREET, Manhattan · 279 ft110 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 279 ft520 WEST 28 STREET, Manhattan · 279 ft100 VANDAM STREET, Manhattan · 279 ft339 EAST 74 STREET, Manhattan · 279 ft237 EAST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 279 ft1780 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 279 ft1040 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 280 ft44 WEST 62 STREET, Manhattan · 280 ft1776 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 280 ft501 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 280 ft200 WEST 75 STREET, Manhattan · 280 ft1 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 280 ft27-19 44 DRIVE, Queens · 280 ft145 EAST 50 STREET, Manhattan · 280 ft471 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 280 ft301 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 281 ft353 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 281 ft400 EAST 54 STREET, Manhattan · 281 ft145 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 281 ft195 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 281 ft1 MITCHELL PLACE, Manhattan · 281 ft801 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 281 ftHudson Hotel · 282 ftGlenn Gardens · 282 ft140 RIVERSIDE BOULEVARD, Manhattan · 282 ft360 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 282 ft1150 Broadway · 282 ft66 EAST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 282 ft228 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 282 ft43 EAST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 282 ft1710 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 282 ft515 EAST 79 STREET, Manhattan · 282 ft124 WEST 29 STREET, Manhattan · 283 ftDoubleTree · 283 ft80 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 283 ft462 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 283 ft1781 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 283 ft733 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 283 ft352 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 284 ft178 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 284 ft355 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 285 ft140 EAST 63 STREET, Manhattan · 285 ft980 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 285 ft5 EAST 22 STREET, Manhattan · 285 ft307 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 285 ft3 EAST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 285 ft555 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 285 ft575 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 285 ft2162 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 286 ftZero Irving · 286 ft124 EAST 14 STREET, Manhattan · 286 ft63 WEST 35 STREET, Manhattan · 287 ft325 EAST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 287 ftTisch Hospital · 287 ft540 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 287 ftThe Revere · 287 ft24-16 QUEENS PLAZA SOUTH, Queens · 287 ft696 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 287 ft770 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 288 ft150 EAST 69TH STREET, Manhattan · 288 ft27-21 44 DRIVE, Queens · 288 ft363 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 288 ftPark Avenue Court · 289 ft120 EAST 87 STREET, Manhattan · 289 ft27-03 42nd Road · 289 ft354 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 289 ft1784 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 289 ft477 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 289 ft345 EAST 93 STREET, Manhattan · 289 ft1359 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 290 ft44-41 PURVES STREET, Queens · 290 ft561 GREENWICH STREET, Manhattan · 290 ftCrystal Green · 290 ft108 EAST 38 STREET, Manhattan · 290 ft859 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 290 ft842 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 290 ft441 NINTH AVENUE, Manhattan · 290 ft500 EAST 63 STREET, Manhattan · 290 ft188 AVENUE C, Manhattan · 290 ft1 EAST LOOP ROAD, Manhattan · 290 ft123 WEST 57TH STREET, Manhattan · 290 ft243 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 291 ft589 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 291 ft8 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 291 ft117 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 291 ft778 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 291 ft390 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 291 ft463 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 291 ft825 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 292 ft230 WEST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 292 ft151 EAST 31 STREET, Manhattan · 292 ftWindsor Court · 292 ftSUNY State College of Optometry · 292 ftColumbus House · 292 ft29 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 292 ft225 WEST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 293 ft1520 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 293 ft330 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 293 ft400 WEST 63 STREET, Manhattan · 293 ftWindsor Tower · 293 ft41 EAST 51 STREET, Manhattan · 293 ft1 TUDOR CITY PLACE, Manhattan · 293 ft22 WEST 66 STREET, Manhattan · 294 ft1802 2ND AVENUE, Manhattan · 294 ft284 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 294 ft352 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 294 ft1659 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 295 ft505 LA GUARDIA PLACE, Manhattan · 295 ftHyatt House · 295 ft507 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 295 ft290 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 295 ft200 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 295 ft127 WEST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 295 ft211 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 296 ft1218 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 296 ft652 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 296 ft152 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 296 ft240 CENTRAL PARK SOUTH, Manhattan · 296 ft45-30 PEARSON STREET, Queens · 296 ft315 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 296 ft815 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 296 ft354 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 296 ft230 WEST 41 STREET, Manhattan · 297 ft485 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 297 ft300 EAST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 297 ft846 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 297 ft34 EAST 51 STREET, Manhattan · 297 ft351 EAST 84 STREET, Manhattan · 297 ft211 EAST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 297 ft601 WEST 26 STREET, Manhattan · 297 ft266 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 298 ft260 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 298 ft212 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 298 ft1673 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 298 ft1201 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 298 ft640 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 298 ft525 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 298 ft30 WEST 61 STREET, Manhattan · 299 ft18 EAST 48 STREET, Manhattan · 299 ft111 EAST 85 STREET, Manhattan · 299 ft1841 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 299 ft42-25 27 STREET, Queens · 299 ft645 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 299 ft693 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 299 ft1107 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 300 ft120 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 300 ft112 WEST 56 STREET, Manhattan · 300 ft80 CLARKSON STREET, Manhattan · 300 ft47-20 CENTER BOULEVARD, Queens · 300 ft5 WEST 65 STREET, Manhattan · 300 ft300 EAST 56 STREET, Manhattan · 300 ft171 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 300 ft557 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 300 ft11 EAST 31 STREET, Manhattan · 301 ft55 EAST 59 STREET, Manhattan · 301 ftHilary Gardens · 301 ft201 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 301 ft300 MERCER STREET, Manhattan · 301 ft2-01 50 AVENUE, Queens · 301 ft401 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 302 ft1251 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 302 ft41-34 27TH STREET, Queens · 302 ft2126 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 302 ft1176 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 302 ft112 CENTRAL PARK SOUTH, Manhattan · 302 ftAstor Terrace · 302 ft2001 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 302 ft806 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 302 ft2000 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 302 ftDorchester Towers · 302 ft245 EAST 93 STREET, Manhattan · 302 ft1325 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 302 ft530 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 302 ft200 EAST 94 STREET, Manhattan · 302 ft700 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 302 ft1438 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 302 ft245 EAST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 303 ft320 EAST 46 STREET, Manhattan · 303 ft777 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 303 ft303 EAST 83 STREET, Manhattan · 303 ft10 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 304 ft491 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 304 ft473 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 304 ft401 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 304 ft1725 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 304 ft1600 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 304 ft309 EAST 48 STREET, Manhattan · 304 ft517 WEST 59 STREET, Manhattan · 305 ft337 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 305 ft408 EAST 92 STREET, Manhattan · 305 ftCandlewood Suites · 305 ft45 WEST 67 STREET, Manhattan · 305 ft341 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 305 ft1424 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 305 ft240 EAST 59 STREET, Manhattan · 306 ft305 WEST 48 STREET, Manhattan · 306 ft550 WEST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 307 ft575 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 307 ft828 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 307 ft205 EAST 59 STREET, Manhattan · 307 ft300 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 307 ft255 EAST 49 STREET, Manhattan · 308 ft404 EAST 76 STREET, Manhattan · 308 ft215 EAST 68 STREET, Manhattan · 308 ft1065 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 309 ft450 EAST 83 STREET, Manhattan · 309 ft257 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 309 ft31 WEST 15 STREET, Manhattan · 309 ft550 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 309 ft494 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 310 ft132 WEST 28 STREET, Manhattan · 310 ft216 EAST 47 STREET, Manhattan · 311 ft1385 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 311 ft1001 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 312 ft2 EAST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 312 ft229 WEST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 312 ft211 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 312 ft461 WEST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 312 ft600 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 312 ft50 VANDERBILT AVENUE, Manhattan · 312 ft555 WEST 57TH STREET, Manhattan · 312 ft125 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 313 ft1538 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 313 ft577 9 AVENUE, Manhattan · 313 ft185 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 313 ft45 EAST 33 STREET, Manhattan · 313 ft500 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 313 ft730 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 313 ft665 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 313 ft319 EAST 24 STREET, Manhattan · 313 ft389 EAST 89 STREET, Manhattan · 313 ftTwo Gotham Center · 313 ftRuppert Tower · 313 ft42-01 28 STREET, Queens · 313 ft353 EAST 72 STREET, Manhattan · 313 ft410 EAST 58 STREET, Manhattan · 313 ft1327 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 314 ftGerman House · 314 ft524 EAST 74 STREET, Manhattan · 315 ft404 EAST 79 STREET, Manhattan · 315 ft540 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 315 ft345 EAST 80 STREET, Manhattan · 315 ftThe Palladin · 316 ft300 EAST 62 STREET, Manhattan · 316 ftThe NOMA · 316 ft50 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 316 ft560 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 317 ft210 WEST 18 STREET, Manhattan · 317 ft144 COLUMBUS AVENUE, Manhattan · 317 ftWalker Tower · 317 ft1230 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 317 ft200 CENTRAL PARK SOUTH, Manhattan · 317 ft160 EAST 65 STREET, Manhattan · 318 ft30 EAST 85 STREET, Manhattan · 318 ftThe Dorthy Ross Friedman Residence · 318 ft200 EAST 62 STREET, Manhattan · 318 ft250 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 318 ft400 EAST 35TH STREET, Manhattan · 319 ft211 EAST 46 STREET, Manhattan · 319 ft345 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 319 ft99 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 319 ft1533 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 319 ft757 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 319 ft47-05 CENTER BOULEVARD, Queens · 320 ftRiver Court · 320 ft358 BOWERY, Manhattan · 320 ft437 EAST 68 STREET, Manhattan · 320 ft38 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 320 ft441 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 320 ft413 EAST 69 STREET, Manhattan · 321 ft364 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 321 ft1760 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 321 ft522 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 322 ft509 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 322 ft1384 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 322 ft30 WEST 63 STREET, Manhattan · 322 ft155 EAST 29 STREET, Manhattan · 322 ft201 EAST 87 STREET, Manhattan · 322 ft500 EAST 77 STREET, Manhattan · 322 ft501 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 322 ft565 Fifth Avenue · 322 ft763 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 322 ftThe Pavillion · 322 ft436 EAST 86 STREET, Manhattan · 322 ft200 EAST 72 STREET, Manhattan · 322 ft919 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 322 ft1 BLUE SLIP, Brooklyn · 323 ft19 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 323 ft363 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 324 ft48 EAST 89 STREET, Manhattan · 324 ft109 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 324 ft1283 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 324 ft805 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 324 ft545 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 324 ft452 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 324 ft301 EAST 50 STREET, Manhattan · 324 ft102 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 324 ft30 WEST 39TH STREET, Manhattan · 324 ft1385 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 324 ft1752 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 324 ft326 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 325 ft40 WATERSIDE PLAZA, Manhattan · 325 ft50 WEST 34TH STREET, Manhattan · 326 ft118 EAST 60 STREET, Manhattan · 326 ftHerald Towers · 326 ft1540 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 326 ft1-55 BORDEN AVENUE, Queens · 326 ftGracie Mews · 326 ft60 EAST 8 STREET, Manhattan · 326 ft310 EAST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 326 ft188 EAST 70 STREET, Manhattan · 326 ftGeorgetown Plaza · 326 ft519 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 326 ft1375 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 327 ft110 CHARLTON STREET, Manhattan · 327 ft604 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 327 ft50 RIVERSIDE BOULEVARD, Manhattan · 328 ft630 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 328 ftMarriott Courtyard · 328 ftDoubleTree by Hilton Hotel · 328 ft1350 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 328 ft539 WEST 28 STREET, Manhattan · 329 ft330 EAST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 329 ft445 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 329 ft229 WEST 60 STREET, Manhattan · 330 ft340 EAST 64 STREET, Manhattan · 331 ft1695 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 331 ft115 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 331 ft66 EAST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 332 ftHerman J Stich Medical Building · 332 ft871 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 332 ft259 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 332 ft1313 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 332 ft300 EAST 54 STREET, Manhattan · 333 ft45-40 CENTER BOULEVARD, Queens · 333 ft959 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 333 ft241 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 334 ft461 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 335 ft415 EAST 54 STREET, Manhattan · 335 ftGotham Point South Tower · 335 ft400 EAST 67 STREET, Manhattan · 335 ft125 COLUMBUS AVENUE, Manhattan · 335 ft1081 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 335 ft255 EAST 74 STREET, Manhattan · 335 ft220 WEST 41 STREET, Manhattan · 335 ft509 WEST 38 STREET, Manhattan · 335 ft100 BLEECKER STREET, Manhattan · 335 ft1365 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 336 ft1965 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 336 ft300 EAST 77 STREET, Manhattan · 336 ftThe Grand Millennium · 336 ft303 WEST 46 STREET, Manhattan · 336 ft15 WEST 72 STREET, Manhattan · 336 ft305 EAST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 336 ft285 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 337 ft112 WEST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 337 ft1475 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 337 ft45 WEST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 337 ft250 EAST 49 STREET, Manhattan · 337 ft292 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 338 ft150 EAST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 338 ft150 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 339 ft250 EAST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 339 ft1930 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 340 ft300 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 340 ft221 WEST 41 STREET, Manhattan · 341 ft100 RIVERSIDE BOULEVARD, Manhattan · 341 ft188 EAST 76 STREET, Manhattan · 341 ft343 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 342 ft733 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 342 ft502 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 342 ft58 WEST 58 STREET, Manhattan · 342 ft27-01 JACKSON AVENUE, Queens · 342 ft1524 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 342 ft655 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 342 ft461 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 343 ft527 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 343 ft1751 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 343 ft1 EAST 35 STREET, Manhattan · 344 ft275 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 344 ft237 WEST 54 STREET, Manhattan · 344 ft25 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 345 ftRiverwalk Heights · 345 ftPark Towers Apartments · 345 ftZeckendorf Towers · 345 ft2 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 345 ft126 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 346 ft371 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 346 ft301 EAST 94 STREET, Manhattan · 346 ft1260 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 346 ft188 EAST 78 STREET, Manhattan · 346 ft1731 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 346 ft499 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 347 ft1740 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 347 ft249 EAST 62ND STREET, Manhattan · 347 ft181 EAST 90 STREET, Manhattan · 347 ftContinental Towers · 347 ft1440 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 348 ft127 EAST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 348 ft680 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 349 ft685 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 349 ft1241 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 349 ft240 RIVERSIDE BOULEVARD, Manhattan · 349 ft875 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 350 ft501 3RD AVENUE, Manhattan · 350 ft1-50 50 AVENUE, Queens · 350 ft554 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 350 ft211 EAST 70 STREET, Manhattan · 352 ft1110 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 352 ft306 WEST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 354 ft435 EAST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 355 ft160 RIVERSIDE BOULEVARD, Manhattan · 356 ft312 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 356 ft747 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 356 ft555 WEST 59 STREET, Manhattan · 357 ft261 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 357 ft3 TIMES SQUARE, Manhattan · 357 ft255 WEST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 357 ft575 AMSTERDAM AVENUE, Manhattan · 357 ft444 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 357 ft1597 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 357 ft770 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 357 ft711 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 357 ft342 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 357 ft400 EAST 51 STREET, Manhattan · 357 ft334 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 357 ft717 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 359 ft115 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 359 ft333 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 359 ft300 EAST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 359 ft1022 3RD AVENUE, Manhattan · 359 ft305 EAST 51 STREET, Manhattan · 360 ftLefcourt Manhattan Building · 360 ft650 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 360 ft1775 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 361 ft16 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 361 ft1749 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 362 ft600 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 362 ft485 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 363 ft350 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 363 ft515 WEST 36 STREET, Manhattan · 363 ft12 WEST 72 STREET, Manhattan · 363 ft420 EAST 54 STREET, Manhattan · 363 ft222 EAST 41 STREET, Manhattan · 364 ft145 EAST 48 STREET, Manhattan · 364 ft312 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 364 ft47 EAST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 365 ft70 Quay Street · 365 ft330 EAST 75 STREET, Manhattan · 365 ft201 EAST 86 STREET, Manhattan · 365 ft350 WEST 50 STREET, Manhattan · 366 ft639 WEST 59 STREET, Manhattan · 366 ft635 WEST 59TH STREET, Manhattan · 366 ftThe Park Ten · 367 ft1681 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 367 ft171 EAST 84 STREET, Manhattan · 368 ftEvans Tower · 368 ft159 WEST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 368 ft800 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 369 ft520 WEST 30 STREET, Manhattan · 369 ft4430 PURVES STREET, Queens · 369 ft56-28 2ND STREET, Queens · 369 ft101 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 369 ft103 WEST 25 STREET, Manhattan · 369 ft255 EAST 77TH STREET, Manhattan · 369 ft200 EAST 32 STREET, Manhattan · 369 ft161 WEST 61 STREET, Manhattan · 370 ft870 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 370 ft500 WEST 30 STREET, Manhattan · 370 ft418 EAST 59 STREET, Manhattan · 370 ft114 WEST 47 STREET, Manhattan · 371 ftHelen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Pavilion · 373 ft39 EAST 29 STREET, Manhattan · 373 ft200 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 374 ft675 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 374 ft207 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 374 ft304 EAST 65 STREET, Manhattan · 374 ft1355 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 374 ftThe Forge · 374 ft205 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 375 ft4-75 48 AVENUE, Queens · 376 ft796 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 376 ft250 WEST 50 STREET, Manhattan · 377 ft1711 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 377 ft560 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 377 ft402 COLUMBUS AVENUE, Manhattan · 378 ft12 EAST 48 STREET, Manhattan · 378 ftPark Belvedere · 378 ft11 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 378 ft311 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 379 ft327 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 379 ft35 WEST 33 STREET, Manhattan · 380 ft45 WEST 60 STREET, Manhattan · 380 ft58 WEST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 380 ft885 THIRD AVE, Manhattan · 380 ft422 EAST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 380 ft420 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 381 ft505 EAST 70 STREET, Manhattan · 382 ft667 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 382 ftThe Helmsley Medical Tower · 382 ft601 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 382 ft535 EAST 75 STREET, Manhattan · 382 ft730 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 382 ft1340 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 383 ft313 WEST 42ND STREET, Manhattan · 383 ftWarwick Hotel · 383 ft2039 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 384 ft1113 YORK AVENUE, Manhattan · 384 ft455 EAST 86 STREET, Manhattan · 384 ft50 CENTRAL PARK SOUTH, Manhattan · 384 ft240 EAST 38 STREET, Manhattan · 384 ft1 RIVER PLACE, Manhattan · 384 ft563 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 384 ft1651 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 385 ft52 EAST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 385 ft232 EAST 47 STREET, Manhattan · 385 ft799 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 385 ft5 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 385 ft1632 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 385 ft400 EAST 56 STREET, Manhattan · 386 ftThe Stanford · 386 ft1761 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 386 ft181 EAST 65 STREET, Manhattan · 386 ft471 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 386 ft1030 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 387 ft232 EAST 54 STREET, Manhattan · 387 ft303 EAST 60 STREET, Manhattan · 388 ft301 EAST 80TH STREET, Manhattan · 388 ft525 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 388 ft503 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 389 ft420 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 389 ft555 MADISON AVE, Manhattan · 390 ft875 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 390 ft400 EAST 70 STREET, Manhattan · 391 ft1849 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 391 ft585 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 391 ft23-10 42 ROAD, Queens · 391 ft346 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 391 ft420 Fifth Avenue · 391 ft200 EAST 83RD STREET, Manhattan · 391 ft520 WEST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 391 ft2 AMSTERDAM AVENUE, Manhattan · 392 ft21 INDIA STREET, Brooklyn · 392 ftThe Concerto · 392 ft393 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 392 ft531 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 393 ft45-45 CENTER BOULEVARD, Queens · 393 ft1045 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 393 ft530 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 393 ft280 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 395 ft111 WEST 56TH STREET, Manhattan · 395 ft145 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 395 ft115 EAST 87 STREET, Manhattan · 396 ft750 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 397 ft16 DUPONT STREET, Brooklyn · 399 ft60 EAST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 399 ft580 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 400 ftTwo Blue Slip · 400 ftThe San Remo · 400 ft2-21 MALT DRIVE, Queens · 400 ft866 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 400 ft41 BLUE SLIP, Brooklyn · 400 ft511 THIRD AVENUE, Manhattan · 400 ftThe Horizon · 401 ft415 EAST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 401 ft16 WEST 48 STREET, Manhattan · 402 ftMGM Building · 402 ft235 WEST 48 STREET, Manhattan · 402 ft222 EAST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 402 ft611 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 402 ft500 WEST 18TH STREET, Manhattan · 402 ft106 WEST 56 STREET, Manhattan · 403 ft349 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 403 ft515 EAST 72 STREET, Manhattan · 403 ftOne High Line · 404 ft310 WEST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 404 ft136 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 404 ft235 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 404 ft43 EAST 25 STREET, Manhattan · 405 ft118 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 405 ft106 CENTRAL PARK SOUTH, Manhattan · 406 ft890 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 406 ft9 WEST 31 STREET, Manhattan · 407 ft505 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 407 ft368 THIRD AVENUE, Manhattan · 407 ft214 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 408 ft1270 Avenue of the Americas · 409 ft180 RIVERSIDE BOULEVARD, Manhattan · 409 ft105 WEST 28 STREET, Manhattan · 410 ft450 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 410 ft1402 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 410 ft641 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 410 ft55 WEST 25 STREET, Manhattan · 411 ft950 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 411 ft1524 FIRST AVENUE, Manhattan · 412 ft347 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 412 ft15 WEST 61ST STREET, Manhattan · 412 ft1500 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 412 ft866 UNITED NATIONS PLAZA, Manhattan · 413 ft1408 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 413 ft75 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 413 ft15 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 413 ft530 EAST 74 STREET, Manhattan · 416 ft2 COLUMBUS AVENUE, Manhattan · 416 ft32 WEST 48TH STREET, Manhattan · 416 ft5 BRYANT PARK, Manhattan · 418 ft219 EAST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 418 ft140 WEST 24 STREET, Manhattan · 419 ft547 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 420 ft150 WEST 48TH STREET, Manhattan · 420 ft201 EAST 74TH STREET, Manhattan · 420 ft49 WEST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 420 ft575 LEXINGTON AVE, Manhattan · 421 ft1441 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 422 ft1493 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 422 ft1031 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 422 ft315 WEST 33 STREET, Manhattan · 422 ft60 RIVERSIDE BOULEVARD, Manhattan · 423 ft130 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 423 ft200 EAST 61 STREET, Manhattan · 423 ft250 EAST 54 STREET, Manhattan · 423 ft15 WEST 51 STREET, Manhattan · 424 ft411 EAST 68 STREET, Manhattan · 424 ft203 EAST 92 STREET, Manhattan · 424 ft778 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 425 ft175 EAST 82 STREET, Manhattan · 425 ft100 EAST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 425 ft666 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 425 ft80 RIVERSIDE BOULEVARD, Manhattan · 425 ft600 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 425 ft487 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 425 ft46-15 CENTER BOULEVARD, Queens · 426 ft215 EAST 96 STREET, Manhattan · 426 ft309 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 427 ft28-10 QUEENS PLAZA SOUTH, Queens · 427 ft126 EAST 56 STREET, Manhattan · 428 ft981 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 428 ft1261 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 428 ftManhattan Plaza Apartments II · 428 ftManhattan Plaza Apartments I · 428 ftThe Carlyle · 428 ft909 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 428 ft555 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 429 ft10 RIVERSIDE BLVD, Manhattan · 429 ftRiverbank West · 429 ft708 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 429 ft1350 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 429 ft135 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 429 ft154 EAST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 430 ft1239 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 430 ft561 10 AVENUE, Manhattan · 431 ft218 WEST 35 STREET, Manhattan · 431 ft510 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 431 ft750 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 431 ft401 EAST 60 STREET, Manhattan · 433 ft500 WEST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 433 ftThe Vanderbilt · 433 ft231 EAST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 433 ft20 WEST 64 STREET, Manhattan · 435 ft135 EAST 47TH STREET, Manhattan · 435 ft1400 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 436 ft50 WEST 66TH STREET, Manhattan · 436 ft776 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 436 ft1370 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 438 ft745 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 438 ft425 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 438 ft188 EAST 64 STREET, Manhattan · 439 ftAT&T · 440 ft160 CENTRAL PARK SOUTH, Manhattan · 441 ft240 EAST 47 STREET, Manhattan · 441 ft200 EAST 89 STREET, Manhattan · 441 ft481 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 441 ft747 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 441 ft11 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 442 ft153 WEST 48TH STREET, Manhattan · 442 ftHard Rock Hotel · 442 ft38 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 444 ft827 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 444 ft25-00 FDR DRIVE, Manhattan · 447 ft112 WEST 25 STREET, Manhattan · 447 ft1 EAGLE STREET, Brooklyn · 447 ft85 COMMERCIAL STREET, Brooklyn · 447 ft60 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 447 ft825 THIRD AVE, Manhattan · 447 ft150 CENTRAL PARK SOUTH, Manhattan · 447 ft402 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 447 ft1776 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 447 ft235 WEST 56 STREET, Manhattan · 447 ft15 WEST 63 STREET, Manhattan · 448 ft611 WEST 56TH STREET, Manhattan · 448 ft505 WEST 37 STREET, Manhattan · 449 ftEagle + West · 450 ft1240 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 450 ft140 WEST 28 STREET, Manhattan · 450 ft101 WEST 24 STREET, Manhattan · 451 ft135 WEST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 453 ft422 EAST 72 STREET, Manhattan · 456 ft400 WEST 61ST STREET, Manhattan · 456 ft172 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 456 ft7 EAST 28 STREET, Manhattan · 456 ft767 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 457 ft575 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 457 ft60 EAST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 457 ft419 EAST 60TH STREET, Manhattan · 458 ft310 WEST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 458 ft235 EAST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 458 ft42 WEST 33 STREET, Manhattan · 458 ft535 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 459 ft685 FIRST AVENUE, Manhattan · 459 ft306 WEST 48 STREET, Manhattan · 461 ft34 CENTRAL PARK SOUTH, Manhattan · 463 ftThe Atlas · 463 ft66 WEST 38 STREET, Manhattan · 463 ft521 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 463 ft111 EAST 58 STREET, Manhattan · 463 ft145 WEST 67 STREET, Manhattan · 464 ft1059 3RD AVENUE, Manhattan · 464 ft320 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 465 ftThe Monarch · 465 ft1601 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 466 ft777 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 467 ft360 EAST 88 STREET, Manhattan · 467 ft43-10 CRESCENT STREET, Queens · 467 ft380 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, Manhattan · 468 ft250 EAST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 469 ftJackson Park · 469 ft701 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 469 ft113 WEST 24 STREET, Manhattan · 469 ft4-74 48 AVENUE, Queens · 469 ft1185 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 469 ft1767 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 469 ft1601 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 469 ft160 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 469 ftThe Copper, East Tower · 470 ft28-02 JACKSON AVENUE, Queens · 470 ft180 EAST 88TH STREET, Manhattan · 470 ft900 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 471 ftSolow Tower · 472 ft5241 CENTER BLVD, Queens · 473 ft230 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 473 ft1084 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 475 ft530 EAST 73 STREET, Manhattan · 476 ft1 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 476 ft400 Park Avenue South · 476 ft100 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 476 ft150 EAST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 477 ft220 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 477 ft321 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 478 ft540 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 479 ft1568A BROADWAY, Manhattan · 479 ft30 EAST 31 STREET, Manhattan · 479 ft524 EAST 72 STREET, Manhattan · 479 ft66 WEST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 480 ft1608 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 480 ft400 EAST 84TH STREET, Manhattan · 480 ft1407 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 480 ft666 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 481 ft323 EAST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 481 ft23-01 42 ROAD, Queens · 481 ft1 QPS Tower · 482 ft120 WEST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 482 ft750 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 483 ft247 WEST 46 STREET, Manhattan · 483 ft330 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 483 ft1335 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 484 ft222 EAST 44TH STREET, Manhattan · 485 ft425 EAST 58 STREET, Manhattan · 485 ft400 WEST 59 STREET, Manhattan · 485 ft200 RIVERSIDE BOULEVARD, Manhattan · 486 ft150 AMSTERDAM AVENUE, Manhattan · 489 ft1330 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 489 ft200 EAST 59TH STREET, Manhattan · 490 ft1166 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 492 ft350 EAST 79 STREET, Manhattan · 492 ft1133 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 492 ft1675 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 492 ft51 WEST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 492 ft44 WEST 47 STREET, Manhattan · 493 ft141 WEST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 493 ft322 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 493 ft147 EAST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 494 ft597 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 494 ftFuller Building · 494 ft811 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 494 ft330 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 494 ft855 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 497 ft650 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 498 ft43-25 HUNTER STREET, Queens · 498 ft22-44 JACKSON AVENUE, Queens · 498 ft1411 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 499 ftInternational Gem Tower · 501 ft150 EAST 58 STREET, Manhattan · 503 ft606 WEST 30TH ST, Manhattan · 503 ft160 WEST 66 STREET, Manhattan · 503 ft10 EAST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 504 ftThe Copper, West Tower · 505 ft330 EAST 38 STREET, Manhattan · 505 ft787 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 505 ft1690 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 505 ft437 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 506 ft35 WEST 28TH STREET, Manhattan · 508 ft273 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 509 ft26-32 JACKSON AVENUE, Queens · 510 ft770 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 510 ft1450 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 511 ft1227 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 511 ft622 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 511 ft1155 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 511 ft90 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 512 ftInternational Building · 512 ft752 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 513 ft919 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 514 ft635 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 514 ft576 10 AVENUE, Manhattan · 514 ft797 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 515 ft633 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 515 ft444 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 518 ft145 WEST 47TH STREET, Manhattan · 520 ft475 WEST 40TH STREET, Manhattan · 520 ft605 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 521 ft450 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 522 ftMuseum Tower · 522 ft507 West Chelsea · 525 ft626 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 525 ft1114 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 525 ftParamount Tower · 526 ft240 EAST 39 STREET, Manhattan · 526 ft1285 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 526 ft1567 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 527 ft21 WEST END AVENUE, Manhattan · 528 ft399 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 528 ft745 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 529 ft1680 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 529 ft515 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 530 ft3 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 531 ft781 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 531 ft270 WEST 43 STREET, Manhattan · 531 ft65 EAST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 531 ft175 WEST 60 STREET, Manhattan · 533 ft50 UNITED NATIONS PLAZA, Manhattan · 533 ft300 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 534 ft1992 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 536 ft220 RIVERSIDE BOULEVARD, Manhattan · 536 ft153 WEST 44 STREET, Manhattan · 536 ft800 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 537 ft200 EAST 65 STREET, Manhattan · 538 ft295 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 538 ft515 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 540 ft592 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 541 ft512 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 542 ft124 WEST 60 STREET, Manhattan · 544 ft455 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 545 ftMerchandise Mart Building · 547 ft35 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 547 ft25-01 JACKSON AVENUE, Queens · 547 ft1345 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 547 ft33 EAST 48 STREET, Manhattan · 548 ft15 Central Park West · 550 ft117 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 552 ft821 1 AVENUE, Manhattan · 553 ft100 United Nations Plaza Tower · 558 ftTurkish House · 561 ft1 CENTRAL PARK WEST, Manhattan · 561 ft450 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 561 ft600 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 564 ft52-03 CENTER BLVD, Queens · 564 ftHelmsley Building · 564 ft150 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 568 ft776 3 AVENUE, Manhattan · 568 ft1290 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 568 ft380 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 570 ft476 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 570 ft780 Third Avenue · 571 ft299 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 573 ft512 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 573 ft135 WEST 45 STREET, Manhattan · 574 ft1166 Avenue of the Americas · 574 ftAmericas Tower · 574 ft11 EAST 29 STREET, Manhattan · 575 ft1538 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 575 ft1535 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 578 ftThe Ritz-Carlton · 584 ft590 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 585 ft57 EAST 52 STREET, Manhattan · 585 ft505 WEST 35TH STREET, Manhattan · 587 ftThe Set · 587 ft1271 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 587 ft5 WEST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 589 ft160 WEST 62 STREET, Manhattan · 590 ft250 WEST 55 STREET, Manhattan · 591 ft400 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 592 ft835 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 592 ftNews Corp. Building · 592 ft888 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 592 ft42-12 28 STREET, Queens · 596 ft1211 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 597 ft959 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 597 ftEagle Lofts Tower · 597 ft43-22 QUEENS STREET, Queens · 598 ft640 8 AVENUE, Manhattan · 598 ft425 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 600 ft5 MADISON AVENUE, Manhattan · 600 ft20 WEST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 602 ft1301 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 602 ft262 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 603 ft566 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 605 ft132 WEST 32 STREET, Manhattan · 605 ftGotham Point North Tower · 609 ft551 10 AVENUE, Manhattan · 609 ft560 10 AVENUE, Manhattan · 610 ft555Ten · 610 ft245 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 612 ft301 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 613 ft301 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 614 ftEventi · 614 ftTower 49 · 614 ft7 EAST 48 STREET, Manhattan · 616 ftOne Madison · 617 ft374 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 618 ft10 EAST 40 STREET, Manhattan · 619 ft641 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 622 ftBurlington House · 627 ftSalesforce Tower · 630 ft350 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 630 ft101 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 631 ft712 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 636 ft151 WEST 54TH STREET, Manhattan · 637 ft200 EAST 69 STREET, Manhattan · 637 ft250 WEST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 637 ft311 11TH AVENUE, Manhattan · 637 ft230 WEST 56 STREET, Manhattan · 645 ft1731 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 645 ftChanin Building · 649 ft885 2 AVENUE, Manhattan · 650 ftSilver Towers · 653 ft599 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 654 ft533 11 AVENUE, Manhattan · 659 ft1585 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 660 ft277 FIFTH AVENUE, Manhattan · 663 ftTrump Tower · 664 ft1177 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 664 ft721 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 665 ft1631 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 665 ft200 AMSTERDAM AVENUE, Manhattan · 668 ft60 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 669 ftParamount Plaza · 670 ft605 WEST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 670 ft9 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 672 ft1221 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 674 ft53 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 686 ft1459 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 688 ft761 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 690 ft252 EAST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 691 ft601 West 29th Street · 695 ft277 PARK AVENUE, Manhattan · 696 ft1515 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 701 ft371 9 AVENUE, Manhattan · 702 ft500 5 AVENUE, Manhattan · 705 ftGeneral Motors Building · 705 ft100 EAST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 711 ft1 COLUMBUS CIRCLE, Manhattan · 715 ftMetropolitan Tower · 716 ftTimes Square Tower · 726 ft1472 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 737 ft1717 BROADWAY, Manhattan · 738 ft242 WEST 53 STREET, Manhattan · 741 ft787 7 AVENUE, Manhattan · 746 ft43-30 24 STREET, Queens · 748 ft1251 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 749 ft152 WEST 57 STREET, Manhattan · 753 ft989 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, Manhattan · 760 ft23-15 44TH DRIVE, Queens · 760 ftSkyline Tower · 760 ft42-02 ORCHARD STREET, Queens · 771 ft45 EAST 22 STREET, Manhattan · 778 ft55 Hudson Yards · 779 ft151 EAST 58 STREET, Manhattan · 806 ft383 Madison Avenue · 808 ft520 FIFTH AVENUE, Manhattan · 827 ft1250 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 835 ft30 Rockefeller Plaza · 850 ft1111 AVENUE OF THE AMER, Manhattan · 888 ft10 Hudson Yards · 895 ft2 MANHATTAN WEST, Manhattan · 902 ft553 WEST 30 STREET, Manhattan · 904 ft23 East 22nd Street · 932 ftOne Manhattan West · 935 ft395 LEXINGTON AVENUE, Manhattan · 947 ft50 Hudson Yards · 981 ft15 Hudson Yards · 1,004 ft427 10 AVENUE, Manhattan · 1,011 ft527 WEST 34 STREET, Manhattan · 1,029 ft220 CENTRAL PARK SOUTH, Manhattan · 1,034 ft34 HUDSON YARDS, Manhattan · 1,039 ftChrysler Building · 1,046 ft35 Hudson Yards · 1,046 ft53 West 53 · 1,050 ftBank of America Tower · 1,200 ftEmpire State Building · 1,250 ft30 Hudson Yards · 1,270 ftJP Morgan Chase World Headquarters · 1,388 ft432 Park Avenue · 1,397 ft51 EAST 42 STREET, Manhattan · 1,401 ftOne Vanderbilt · 1,401 ft111 West 57th Street · 1,428 ftCentral Park Tower · 1,550 ft1 kmN
4135 towers in the core · 15.24 sq mi
compactness 0.53 · elongation 3.61 : 1 · long axis northeast–southwest
tallest: One World Trade Center (1,776 ft)

A long, narrow core: something (a shore, a ridge, a rail line) lines it up northeast–southwest.

  • FAn island: the Hudson and East rivers fix the width of the market
  • FGrand Central and Penn Station pour commuters into a few blocks
  • FAir rights can be bought and moved (transfer of development rights)
  • UThe bedrock story is weaker than its fame: Barr (2011) finds rock depth explains little

Miami

Estate radius: Downtown/Brickell · 2.08 kmEstate outline #7: Downtown · 2.31 sq miCourtyard Miami Downtown/Brickell Area · 151 ftHispanic Branch Library · 153 ftThe Brickell Biscayne · 154 ftAdrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts · 157 ftRichard E. Gerstein Justice Building · 158 ftKaseya Center · 160 ftThe Brickell Bay Tower · 161 ftAloft Miami Brickell · 163 ftWest Brickell Apartments · 163 ft999 Brickell · 169 ftGarage 1 · 170 ftCamden Brickell · 172 ftBuilding 7000 · 172 ftCommodore Bay · 172 ftRiver Park Hotel & Suites Downtown/Convention Center · 172 ftFilling Station Lofts · 174 ftHampton Inn & Suites by Hilton - Miami/Brickell-Downtown · 176 ft7th Coast Guard District · 178 ftBuilding 5000 · 179 ftThe Atlantis · 179 ftStanley Axlrod UDT Tower · 181 ftCity National Bank · 183 ftCourthouse East · 183 ftBiscayne Building · 183 ftBayshore Place · 184 ftNAP of the Americas · 189 ftOvertown Transit Village North · 195 ftYVE Hotel Miami · 195 ftC. Clyde Atkins U.S Courthouse · 196 ftThe Costa Bella · 204 ftTruluck's Ocean's Finest Seafood and Crab · 205 ftBrickell Key II · 207 ftSoleste Grand Central · 207 ftJames Lawrence King Federal Justice Building · 220 ftIsola · 223 ftTower 2 · 230 ftTower 3 · 230 ftTower 4 · 230 ftTower 1 · 230 ftBrickell Key I · 239 ftBrickel Place · 241 ftBrickell Town House · 241 ftMiami-Dade Children's Courthouse and Juvenile Justice Center · 243 ftMandarin Oriental · 243 ftThe Congress Building · 244 ftWilkie D. Ferguson Jr. U.S. Courthouse · 255 ftBayfront Plaza · 256 ftLoanDepot Park · 259 ftAlfred DuPont Building · 260 ftCity Heights · 264 ftBrickell East Tower · 269 ftFederal Detention Center Miami · 273 ftThe Loft 1 · 276 ftBrickell Place · 276 ftFreedom Tower at Miami Dade College · 277 ftCourvoisier Courts · 286 ftThe Yacht Club · 299 ftThe Sail Condominiums · 302 ftThe Metropolitan · 310 ftOvertown Transit Village South · 313 ftOne Tequesta Point · 319 ftSaint Louis · 323 ftEmerald at Brickell · 329 ftBrickell Bay Club · 333 ftMiami-Dade County Courthouse · 341 ftMet 3 · 348 ftThe Imperial · 356 ftBrickell Bay Office Tower · 367 ftMuseum Tower · 377 ftSquare Station · 390 ftCourts Brickell Key · 390 ftSkyline on Brickell · 390 ftThe Mark · 395 ftThe Palace · 398 ftMiami Plaza · 402 ftBristol Tower · 408 ftOne Broadway · 410 ftThe Guild Downtown X Miami · 410 ftWind · 412 ftArt Plaza · 413 ft1050 Brickell Avenue · 416 ftThe Club at Brickell Bay · 416 ftJW Marriot Miami · 419 ft100 Biscayne · 419 ftTwo Tequesta Point · 421 ftBrickell on the River South Tower · 423 ftCanvas · 425 ftCentro Lofts · 427 ftThe Loft 2 · 433 ftFlow Miami · 443 ftMelody Tower · 466 ftCourthouse Center · 472 ftIvy · 472 ftBrickell on the River · 482 ftBrickell on the River North Tower · 482 ftMet 1 · 482 ftCapital at Brickell · 499 ftJade at Brickell Bay · 500 ftJW Marriott Marquis Miami · 502 ft500 Brickell · 509 ft900 Biscayne Bay · 515 ftCityCommons · 518 ftOne Brickell City Centre · 518 ftOne Miami · 520 ftSanta Maria · 520 ft1450 Brickell · 521 ftRise Brickell City Centre · 522 ftPlaza on Brickell Tower II · 525 ftOne Thousand Museum · 525 ftBrickell World Plaza · 525 ft1060 Brickell Avenue · 527 ftBrickell House · 529 ftVilla Magna · 531 ftBrickell Heights East · 531 ftBrickell Heights West · 531 ftReach Brickell City Centre · 535 ftAria on the Bay · 535 ft800 Brickell · 537 ftVizcayne South Tower · 538 ftThe Elser Hotel & Residences · 538 ftBrickell City Centre · 541 ftVilla Regina · 541 ft1100 Millecento · 541 ftMuze at Met · 545 ftIntercontinental Miami · 548 ftOne Thousand Museum Residences · 551 ftIcon Brickell · 552 ftSLS Brickell · 558 ftOne Brickell Square · 560 ftConrad Miami · 568 ftSociety Biscayne · 571 ftBrickell Flatiron · 580 ftIcon Brickell Tower 1 · 586 ftSoutheast Financial Center · 590 ft50 Biscayne · 594 ftKimpton EPIC Hotel · 601 ftPlaza on Brickell Tower I · 610 ftMarinaBlue · 614 ft1000 Brickell · 624 ftMiami Tower · 625 ftInfinity at Brickell · 630 ftMint at Riverfront · 631 ftEcho Brickell · 637 ftOne Biscayne Tower · 647 ftWells Fargo Center · 655 ftBrickell Heights West Tower · 656 ftBezel · 679 ftBrickell Heights East Tower · 700 ftMarquis Miami · 702 ft830 Brickell · 722 ftFour Seasons Hotel Miami · 781 ftAston Martin Residences · 817 ftPanorama Tower · 868 ft1 kmN
136 towers in the core · 1.56 sq mi
compactness 0.54 · elongation 2.49 : 1 · long axis north–south
tallest: Panorama Tower (868 ft)

A long, narrow core: something (a shore, a ridge, a rail line) lines it up north–south.

  • FBiscayne Bay frontage: views sell condominiums, the residential push
  • FForeign capital parks money in towers
  • UPorous limestone and a high water table; flood and storm risk
  • UFAA height limits under the Miami International approach paths

Houston

Estate radius: Downtown · 1.34 kmToyota Center · 151 ftHyatt Regency Hotel Parking Garage · 154 ftHotel ICON · 159 ftCentral Square One · 161 ftThe Shops at Houston Center · 161 ftBob Casey United States Courthouse · 161 ftHampton Inn · 161 ftHarris County Jail · 177 ftThe Star North Building · 184 ftTexas State Hotel Building · 184 ftHouston Community College · 190 ftHeritage Bank Building · 195 ftCongress Plaza · 200 ftAlley Theatre Garage · 200 ftHarris County Civil Courthouse · 207 ftHowell Building · 207 ftRice Hotel Lofts · 207 ftC. Baldwin, Curio Collection by Hilton · 230 ftYounan Square · 230 ftJPMorgan Chase Center · 240 ftDaikin Park · 243 ft5000 Montrose Condominiums · 253 ftMagnolia Hotel Houston, a Tribute Portfolio Hotel · 253 ftJW Marriott Houston Downtown · 264 ftMelrose Building · 264 ftMellie Esperson Building · 269 ftThe AT&T Building · 269 ftThe Southmore · 276 ftCommerce Towers · 287 ft2016 Main Street · 299 ft5 Houston Center · 310 ftDrewery Place · 322 ftCatalyst · 322 ftHarris County Criminal Justice Center · 325 ftHilcorp Energy Tower · 341 ftMarriott Marquis Houston · 345 ftLyric Centre · 348 ftHanover Montrose · 356 ftAris at Market Square · 361 ftHyatt Regency Houston · 400 ftNiels Esperson Building · 407 ftOne City Centre · 410 ft712 Main · 427 ftCalpine Center · 453 ftHess Tower · 489 ftMarket Square Tower · 499 ftOne Park Place · 501 ftKinder Morgan Building · 502 ftTotal Plaza · 518 ft1000 Main · 518 ftTwo Allen Center · 522 ftPennzoil Place · 523 ftKBR Tower · 550 ft2 Houston Center · 577 ftBank of America Tower · 577 ftAmerica Tower · 591 ft1500 Louisiana Street · 600 ftExxonMobil Building · 607 ft811 Main · 630 ftFirst City Tower · 663 ft1 Houston Center · 679 ftThree Allen Center · 686 ft1400 Smith Street · 692 ftFulbright Tower · 725 ftCenterPoint Energy Plaza · 741 ft609 Main · 755 ftHeritage Plaza · 761 ftTC Energy Center · 780 ftJPMorgan Chase Tower · 1,002 ft1 kmN
57 towers in the core · 0.53 sq mi
compactness 0.76 · elongation 1.44 : 1 · long axis east–west
tallest: JPMorgan Chase Tower (1,002 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • FA freeway loop boxes downtown in tightly
  • FEnergy headquarters cluster for face-to-face deals
  • UNo zoning and cheap land: offices also spread to Uptown, Greenway and the Energy Corridor
  • UBuffalo Bayou floodplain on the north and west

Los Angeles

Estate outline #12: CENTRAL · 5.67 sq miEstate outline #16: Downtown · 3.42 sq mi1200 West 7th Street · 150 ftPilgrim Tower · 150 ftApparel Mart Building · 152 ftPacific Electric Lofts · 152 ftSanta Fe Lofts · 152 ftCampanile · 154 ftCornell · 154 ftThe Metropolitan Apartments · 154 ftDai-Ichi Kangyo Bank Building · 154 ftCalifornia Club · 154 ftValley Oak Tower · 158 ftHotel Clark · 158 ftCathay Manor · 159 ftLittle Tokyo Towers · 160 ftThe Maxfield Lofts · 160 ftLos Angeles County Superior Court - Metropolitan Courthouse · 160 ftGrand Avenue Garage · 160 ftHotel Figueroa, Unbound Collection by Hyatt · 161 ft108 W. 2nd Street · 161 ftTextile Building Lofts · 163 ftWashington Building · 164 ftSan Joaquin County Administration Building · 165 ftThe L.A. Grand Hotel Downtown · 165 ftThe Brockman Lofts · 165 ftWurlitzer Building · 166 ft316 West 2nd Street · 166 ftAbram Friedman Occupational Center · 167 ftSeeley G. Mudd Building · 168 ftCooper Building · 168 ftSpring Arcade Building · 168 ftWestern Jewery Mart · 168 ftLos Angeles County Hall of Records · 168 ftThe. Chapman · 168 ftLA Merchandise Mart · 170 ftGas Company Lofts · 170 ftTwin Towers Correctional Facility · 170 ft707 South Los Angeles Street · 171 ft742 South Hill Street · 171 ftLos Angeles Police Department Headquarters · 171 ftStandard Oil Building · 171 ftPacMutual · 172 ftJonathan Club · 172 ftPromenade Towers North · 172 ftGiannini Place · 172 ftColburn School Music Building · 172 ftPromenade Towers South · 172 ftPetroleum Building · 173 ftCommercial Exchange Building · 173 ftThe New Mart · 173 ft617 West 7th Street · 173 ft740 South olive · 173 ftThe Town House · 173 ftJubilate · 174 ftPark Plaza Hotel · 174 ftDawn · 174 ftHilton Checkers · 174 ftEvensong · 174 ftGrand Central Square Apartments · 175 ftWorld Trade Center · 175 ftChester Williams Building · 176 ftKonica Minolta · 177 ftLos Angeles Public Works · 177 ftPremiere Towers · 177 ftBrunswig Square · 178 ft640 South Hill Street Plaza 3 · 179 ftProper Hotel · 180 ftUnited Building · 180 ftMetro 417 Apartments · 180 ftJunipero Serra Building · 180 ftSTILE Downtown Los Angeles by Kasa · 183 ftCoast Savings Building · 184 ftRosslyn · 185 ftSB Grand Lofts · 185 ftHotel Hayward Annex · 185 ftAmerican Cement Building · 185 ftPegasus Apartments · 186 ftSB Spring · 186 ftGarfield Building · 186 ftBroadway Trade Center · 186 ftEl Dorado · 187 ftPershing Square Building · 187 ftMetropolitan Detention Center · 189 ftThe Rowan Building · 190 ftEastern Columbia Building · 190 ftRenaissance Tower · 190 ftJames Oviatt Building · 192 ftThe Mayfair Hotel · 192 ft818 Plaza · 195 ftThe Trust Building · 196 ft110 East 9th Street · 196 ftBunker Hill Towers Apartments · 196 ftCrawford Addition · 197 ftMitaa Jewelry Center · 197 ftBartlett Building · 198 ft9th & Broadway Building · 200 ftThe Standard · 202 ftThe Reef · 202 ftCalTrans District 7 Headquarters · 218 ftSears, Roebuck & Company Mail Order Building · 222 ftInternational Jewelry Center · 225 ftLuma · 225 ftDoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Los Angeles Downtown · 227 ftLos Angeles County Department of Health Services · 227 ftFigueroa Plaza I · 228 ftFigueroa Plaza II · 228 ftLos Angeles College International · 231 ftSpring Street Courthouse · 239 ftTenTen Wilshire · 240 ftTen50 · 253 ft800 Wilshire · 253 ft600 Wilshire · 255 ftEvo South · 263 ftCourtyard and Residence Inn · 264 ftLos Angeles Department of Water and Power · 264 ftSB Tower · 272 ftThe Griffin On Spring · 276 ftThe Grace on Spring · 276 ftPark Fifth Tower Apartments · 276 ftCentral Civil West Courthouse · 279 ft800 West 6th Street · 283 ftClara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center · 284 ftCity Hall East · 291 ftGrand Tower · 291 ftNineFifteen · 294 ftManulife Plaza · 295 ftLos Angeles County Mental Health Building · 295 ftInternational Tower · 303 ftAlina · 312 ftChase Plaza · 315 ft717 Olympic · 316 ft711 South Hope Street · 318 ft888 at Grand Hope Park · 330 ftBunker Hill Tower Condominiums · 330 ftLAUSD Headquarters · 336 ftApex Tower · 347 ftAtelier · 352 ftFigueroa Tower · 355 ftEdward R. Roybal Federal Building · 357 ftCity National Bank Building · 367 ftChase, BNY Mellon · 382 ft801 Tower · 386 ftOne Wilshire · 394 ftWatermarke Tower · 394 ftPerla · 413 ft700 South Flower Street · 413 ftPromenade Towers · 424 ft1120 South Grand Avenue · 436 ftHallasan Tower · 440 ftMetropolis Residential Tower I · 443 ftMarriott Downtown · 444 ftAT&T Switching Center · 449 ftSouth Park Center · 453 ftArco Tower · 463 ftMetropolis · 492 ftMetropolis Tower I · 508 ft1100 Wilshire · 516 ftManulife Investment Management · 520 ftMoxy & AC Hotels · 528 ftHope + Flower · 528 ftBunker Hill Tower · 537 ftKPMG Center · 539 ftUnion Bank Plaza · 549 ftL.A. Live Hotel & Residences · 551 ftCalifornia Plaza · 578 ftAT&T Center · 580 ftThe Ritz-Carlton Residences · 597 ft825 South Hill · 636 ftMetropolis Residential Tower III · 646 ftCity National Plaza · 652 ftBank of America · 675 ftOceanwide Plaza I · 676 ftErnst & Young Plaza · 677 ftThe Beaudry Apartments · 695 ftFigueroa at Wilshire · 717 ftWells Fargo Center · 723 ft777 Tower · 725 ftGas Company Tower · 749 ftTwo California Plaza · 750 ftWilshire Grand Center · 1,100 ft1 kmN
155 towers in the core · 1.5 sq mi
compactness 0.76 · elongation 1.53 : 1 · long axis northeast–southwest
tallest: Wilshire Grand Center (1,100 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • UA 150-ft city height limit lasted until 1957
  • UEarthquakes, and until 2014 a rooftop helipad rule that flattened every top
  • UMany centers (Century City, Wilshire, Hollywood) split the office market
  • FBunker Hill redevelopment cleared land for the 1980s towers

Austin

ColoradoEstate radius: Downtown · 4.78 kmEstate outline #29: Downtown · 1.01 sq miMetro Pointe Tower · 150 ftCivic Center Place · 175 ftPlaza Tower · 180 ftOne City Boulevard West · 230 ftHutton Centre · 240 ftAustin City Hall · 273 ftMillennium Youth Entertainment Complex · 289 ftHilton Austin · 299 ftUT Tower · 307 ftBlock 21 · 308 ftOne American Center · 315 ft300 West 6th · 322 ftThe Ashton · 328 ftAT&T Executive Education and Conference Center · 335 ftOne World Trade Center · 335 ftNorthshore · 344 ftBlock 71 · 348 ftAustin Centre · 350 ftFifth + West · 354 ftCapitol Center · 354 ftRiverside · 358 ftBank of America Centre · 364 ftThe Claridge · 364 ftWestin Austin Downtown · 367 ftFairmont Austin · 371 ftThe Catherine · 371 ftFour Points by Sheraton · 374 ftHyatt Regency Austin · 375 ftThe Shore · 377 ftMillennium Rainey Street · 380 ftSkyHouse Austin · 381 ftJPMorgan Chase Tower · 381 ftThe Jenga Building · 381 ftMarriott Austin Downtown · 387 ftAustin City Limits · 388 ftAscent · 390 ftBrazos Place · 390 ftThe Sovereign · 394 ftOne Congress Plaza · 397 ftNobu Residences Austin · 400 ftThe Google Building (Block 185) · 413 ftJenga · 417 ftAustin Proper Hotel · 437 ftThe Austonian West · 466 ft360 Condominiums · 467 ft70 Rainey · 502 ftThe LINE Austin · 505 ftGoogle Austin · 509 ftIndeed Tower · 512 ftThe Monarch · 522 ftFrost Bank Tower · 570 ftJenga Tower (Fourth and Colorado) · 581 ftThe Independent · 683 ft1 kmN
32 towers in the core · 0.31 sq mi
compactness 0.65 · elongation 1.97 : 1 · long axis northwest–southeast
tallest: The Independent (683 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • UCapitol View Corridors forbid height inside protected sight lines
  • FLady Bird Lake frontage on the south edge
  • FTech jobs and in-migration drive new residential towers

Denver

South PlatteGables Union Station · 150 ftPortofino Tower Condominiums · 154 ft1313 Williams Street · 154 ftRiverfront Park Tower · 154 ftPetroleum Building · 154 ftSkyhouse Denver · 155 ftCU Denver Lawrence Street Center · 157 ftRiverfront Towers North · 160 ftCheesman Tower West Condos · 161 ftCivic Lofts · 161 ft300 E Seventeenth Apartments Grant Tower · 161 ftThomas Bean Towers Apartments · 161 ftHyatt Centric Downtown Denver · 161 ftWarwick Denver · 161 ft1860 Lincoln Street · 161 ftKindred Apartments · 161 ftThe Pullman · 161 ftUnited States Federal Courthouse · 164 ftFoundry · 170 ftDaVita World Headquarters · 171 ftCheesman Club Apartments · 171 ftEmbassy House · 172 ftBeauvallon Condominiums · 172 ftSkyline at Highlands · 172 ftColumbine Place Building · 174 ftThe Oxford Hotel · 175 ftAmbassador East Condominiums · 180 ftHalcyon House · 184 ftMinoru Yasui Plaza · 184 ftAcoma Luxury Apartments · 184 ftOne River North · 184 ftBelvedere Tower Condos · 184 ftSkylofts · 184 ftMezzo Apartment Homes · 184 ftThe Northern · 184 ft1800 Glenarm Place · 184 ftAlamo Plaza · 184 ftThe Chancery Building · 184 ftParq on Speer · 184 ft1555 Sherman Street · 185 ftSecurity Life Center Building · 187 ftAMLI RiverFront Park · 190 ftThe Maven Hotel · 190 ftDaniels & Fisher Tower · 193 ftThe Burnsley Apartments · 195 ftCitizen West 10th · 195 ftHighland Bridge · 195 ftRiverfront Park West · 195 ftFour Hundred Third Condominiums · 195 ftDryden · 195 ftPlaza Tower One · 200 ftWellington E. Webb Municipal Office Building · 203 ftRitz-Carlton Residences · 205 ftDenver Art Museum · 205 ftEviva Cherokee · 207 ftRadiant · 207 ftPrado Condos · 207 ftBrookdale Parkplace · 207 ftHuntington House Condominiums · 210 ft1672 Lawrence Street · 210 ft1555 California · 215 ft1450 Glenarm Place · 217 ftPetroleum Club Building · 218 ftOne Cheesman Place · 220 ftThe Belvedere · 220 ftDenver City & County Building · 220 ftSheraton Denver Downtown Hotel · 220 ftEmbassy Suites by Hilton Denver Downtown Convention Center · 220 ftColorado State Capitol · 222 ft1900 California Street · 225 ftUnion Station · 225 ftHilton Garden Inn Downtown · 228 ft1600 Glenarm Place · 230 ft1475 California Street · 230 ftPark Towers Condominiums · 230 ftPenn Square Condos · 230 ftThe Coloradan · 230 ftTamai Tower at Sakura Square · 230 ft1001 17th Street · 235 ftSecurity Life Building · 240 ft100 Park Avenue Condominiums · 241 ftHyatt Place Denver/Downtown · 241 ftTru by Hilton Denver Downtown Convention Center · 241 ftThe Prado · 245 ft1801 Stout Street · 248 ftThe Windsor · 249 ft16 Chestnut · 250 ft1901 California · 250 ftDenver West Office Building · 250 ftAT&T Building · 252 ftTwo Thousand Cheesman East · 253 ftVelaris Living · 253 ftLoHi 360 · 255 ft1100 15th Street · 258 ftHyatt Regency Denver · 260 ftThe Hub · 260 ft1999 California Street · 260 ft1515 Wynkoop · 265 ftGriffis Platform at Union Station · 266 ftHoliday Inn Express Denver Downtown by IHG · 269 ftDenver Dry Building · 270 ftZeppelin Station · 270 ft1225 17th Street · 270 ftDaVinci · 275 ftThe Grand North Tower · 276 ft999 Broadway · 278 ft1401 Lawrence Street · 278 ft1700 17th Street · 285 ftLoHi 2650 · 285 ft1700 California · 290 ft1331 17th Street · 290 ftMarathon Oil Tower · 290 ft1801 Blake Street · 295 ftCenturyLink Building · 296 ftElitch Gardens Observation Tower · 299 ft2990 East 17th Avenue · 299 ftSpeer Point · 300 ft1600 Stout Street · 303 ftExecutive Tower · 308 ft1515 Arapahoe Street Tower · 308 ftColorado Building · 312 ft1900 Grant Street · 312 ftBarclay Towers · 314 ftGrand Hyatt Denver · 320 ft1900 16th Street · 320 ftRepublic Plaza East · 320 ftByron R. White U.S. Courthouse · 322 ftIndependence Plaza · 322 ftDominion Plaza · 325 ft555 17th Street · 330 ft410 Building · 335 ft1050 17th Street · 340 ftBrooks Towers · 341 ft1800 Larimer · 344 ftBlock 162 · 344 ftLarimer Place Condos · 344 ftMarriott City Center · 346 ftThe Confluence · 348 ftUnited Western Financial Center · 358 ftKenect Denver · 361 ftByron G. Rogers Federal Building · 380 ft1801 Denver Place · 384 ftThe Four Seasons Hotel Denver · 387 ft1660 17th Street · 388 ftLoDo Station · 390 ftThe Ritz-Carlton, Denver · 394 ftGranite Tower · 397 ft1775 Sherman Street · 400 ftTabor Center Tower 1 · 408 ft633 17th Street · 434 ftDenver Place South · 438 ft1670 Broadway · 448 ft18th and Glenarm Condos · 448 ft1701 Glenarm Place · 509 ft707 17th Street · 522 ft1999 Broadway · 544 ft1144 Fifteenth · 617 ftWells Fargo Center · 698 ft1 kmN
111 towers in the core · 0.94 sq mi
compactness 0.67 · elongation 2.02 : 1 · long axis northwest–southeast
tallest: Wells Fargo Center (698 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • FThe old grid runs along Cherry Creek and the South Platte, tilted 45 degrees from the later grid
  • FUnion Station rail hub rebuilt in 2014
  • UMountain-view protection ordinances in some districts

San Francisco

90 Market · 156 ft61 Joice Street · 156 ft41 Sansome Street · 169 ft45 Sansome Street · 195 ft6 Sansome Street · 208 ft1 Daniel Burnham Street · 208 ft1201 California Street · 208 ft80 Sansome Street · 221 ftVyStar Tower · 259 ft92 Market · 273 ft62 Powell Street · 299 ft100 Montgomery Street · 325 ftBlue Cross Blue Shield Building · 328 ftFour Seasons Hotel · 398 ftThe Ritz-Carlton Residences · 400 ftSOMA Grand · 400 ftJasper · 400 ftPark Tower at Transbay · 400 ftThe Infinity · 400 ftShaklee Terraces · 412 ftOne Rincon Hill North Tower · 414 ftThree Embarcadero Center · 417 ftJacksonville City Hall · 420 ftTwo Embarcadero Center · 443 ft100 First Plaza · 448 ftEmbarcadero Center Four · 449 ftThe Paramount · 459 ftWells Fargo Centre · 465 ftOne California Street · 466 ft388 Market Street · 482 ftEmbarcadero Center One · 483 ft30 Kearny Street · 494 ft2 Post Street · 494 ftOne Sansome Street · 495 ftSt. Regis Hotel & Residences · 499 ft505 Montgomery Street · 518 ft50 California Street · 518 ftLumina · 525 ft425 Market Street · 525 ft345 California Center · 536 ftOne Front Street · 538 ftChevron Tower · 539 ftOne Market Plaza · 551 ftEmbarcadero Center West · 551 ftOne Embarcadero Center · 555 ft44 Montgomery Street · 565 ftFour Embarcadero Center · 570 ft525 Market Street · 570 ftOne Rincon Hill South Tower · 594 ft50 Fremont Center · 600 ft101 California Street · 600 ftMillennium Tower · 645 ftOceanwide Center · 700 ft555 California Street · 779 ft181 Fremont · 802 ftSalesforce Tower · 1,070 ft1 kmN
39 towers in the core · 0.32 sq mi
compactness 0.62 · elongation 1.7 : 1 · long axis north–south
tallest: Salesforce Tower (1,070 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • FA peninsula: the bay hems the financial district on two sides
  • FTransbay Transit Center height district
  • UProposition M (1986) caps new office space each year
  • UProposition K (1984) bars shadows on public parks

Dallas

TrinityEstate radius: Downtown · 1.93 kmEstate outline #3: Dallas CBD · 5.05 sq miWadley Tower · 153 ftBarnett Tower · 153 ft3417 Gaston Avenue · 154 ftFederal Reserve Bank of Dallas · 161 ftTwo AT&T Plaza · 161 ft2217 Ivan Street · 164 ftRosewood Court · 172 ftVictory Commons · 172 ftBank of America Plaza Parking · 175 ft1505 Elm · 184 ftEarle Cabell Federal Building and Courthouse · 184 ft2515 McKinney Avenue · 184 ftGeorge L. Allen Sr. Courthouse · 190 ftDallas City Hall · 190 ftOne Victory Park · 195 ft3100 Carlisle Street · 195 ftCityMark at Katy Trail · 197 ft200 Crescent Court · 207 ftRenaissance Saint Elm Dallas Downtown Hotel · 207 ft300 Crescent Court · 207 ft100 Crescent Court · 207 ftOne Uptown · 218 ftGables Park 17 · 218 ft2100 McKinney Avenue · 218 ft17Seventeen · 218 ft2828 North Harwood Street · 230 ftThe Epic I · 230 ftMcKinney & Olive · 230 ft211 North Ervay Street · 230 ftFour AT&T Plaza · 230 ftPacific Place · 230 ft2000 McKinney Avenue · 241 ftThe Element · 241 ft400 Record · 243 ft1900 Mckinney Luxury Apartments · 264 ftThe Joule · 265 ftCrowne Plaza · 268 ftThe Christopher · 276 ftManor House · 287 ftThe Case Building · 287 ftTwo Turtle Creek · 299 ftHarwood No. 14 · 310 ftThe Urby I · 310 ftThe Urby II · 310 ftAdolphus Tower · 312 ftPlaza of the Americas - North Tower · 331 ftPlaza of the Americas - South Tower · 331 ft2323 Bryan Street · 344 ftMosaic Dallas · 356 ftBlue Ciel · 374 ft1600 Pacific Tower · 379 ftThe Link · 380 ft23Springs · 399 ftMagnolia Hotel Dallas · 400 ftDavis Building · 430 ftMercantile National Bank Building · 430 ftOne Arts Plaza · 449 ftOne Dallas Center · 449 ftThe Victor · 453 ft2100 Ross Ave Tower · 456 ftKPMG Centre · 481 ftMuseum Tower · 482 ft1900 Pearl · 512 ftCityplace Tower · 538 ftSouthland Center · 550 ftReunion Tower · 560 ftAMLI Fountain Place · 562 ftLincoln Plaza · 579 ftAT&T Discovery District · 580 ftMomentum Place · 582 ftElm Place · 625 ftEnergy Plaza · 629 ftSantander Tower · 645 ftOne Dallas Centre · 645 ft1700 Pacific · 655 ftTrammell Crow Center · 686 ftFirst International Building · 710 ftFountain Place · 720 ftDallas Arts Tower · 738 ft1 kmN
56 towers in the core · 0.68 sq mi
compactness 0.68 · elongation 1.66 : 1 · long axis north–south
tallest: Dallas Arts Tower (738 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • FFreeway loop around downtown
  • UTrinity River floodplain held the west side open
  • UAbundant land: the office market slid north to Uptown and Legacy

Boston

Estate radius: Financial District · 0.85 kmEstate outline #10: Downtown · 2.43 sq miEstate outline #11: Downtown · 2.08 sq miMIT Building E25 · 150 ft75-125 Binney Street · 150 ftMIT Green Building · 160 ftCambridge Crossing Parcel H · 160 ftFour Cambridge Center · 165 ftTwo Cambridge Center · 170 ftMIT Building 32 · 175 ftKendall Square Research Building · 175 ftOne Cambridge Center · 185 ftThree Cambridge Center · 190 ft100 CambridgeSide Place · 220 ftARCH, Boston · 235 ftCambridge Center · 240 ftTechnology Square · 240 ftSheraton Boston Hotel · 289 ftMillennium Tower Cambridge · 295 ft75 State Street · 300 ft28 State Street · 318 ft100 Federal Street · 352 ftATLANTIC, Boston · 357 ft60 State Street · 365 ftThe Berkeley Building · 390 ftBoston Harbor Hotel · 401 ftAtlantic Wharf · 434 ftAVERY, Boston · 436 ftOne Post Office Square · 444 ft101 Federal Street · 459 ft101 Huntington Avenue · 468 ft33 Arch Street · 490 ftThe Ritz-Carlton Boston · 499 ftThe Berkeley Building (Old John Hancock) · 505 ft30 Winter Street · 508 ftExchange Place · 554 ftTwo International Place · 570 ftOne International Place · 590 ftFederal Reserve Bank Building · 614 ftOne Dalton · 640 ft111 Huntington Avenue · 703 ft200 Clarendon Street · 791 ft1 kmN
13 towers in the core · 0.11 sq mi
compactness 0.45 · elongation 1.34 : 1 · long axis northwest–southeast
tallest: Federal Reserve Bank Building (614 ft)

A moderately compact core, stretched northwest–southeast.

  • FHarbor, Common and Charles River confine the core
  • UFAA limits under the Logan Airport flight paths
  • UFilled land: Back Bay towers stand on piles

Seattle

South Arcade Condominiums · 158 ftMarket Place North · 161 ftVerve · 161 ftSecurity House · 161 ft400 Fairview · 161 ftGrand Central · 164 ftThe Olympus · 172 ftResidence Inn Seattle Downtown/Convention Center · 172 ftWalton Lofts · 172 ft1311 South Massachusetts Street · 172 ftMetropolitan Park: West Tower · 172 ftBlanchard Plaza · 172 ftMedical Dental Building · 172 ftARTE Tower · 172 ft400 Westlake · 172 ftHilton Garden Inn Seattle Downtown · 172 ft1411 Fourth Avenue · 182 ftWashington 1000 · 184 ftThe Post Apartments · 184 ft1800 Ninth · 184 ftAmazon.com Frontier · 195 ftAlto Apartments · 195 ftKelleher House · 195 ftSen+Ral · 195 ftCoppins Well · 195 ftFifth & Yesler Building · 195 ftThe Seattle Public Library - Central Library · 197 ftEmbassy Suites - Seattle Downtown Pioneer Square · 197 ftAlaska Building · 203 ft1100 University Street · 207 ftCabrini Medical Tower · 207 ftM Street Medical Building · 207 ftHarbour Heights · 218 ftWarwick Seattle Hotel · 218 ftFourth and Pike Building · 223 ftPlaza 600 · 230 ftOne Lytle Place · 237 ftThe Martin · 240 ftMidtown21 · 241 ftHarbor Steps Southeast Tower · 244 ftStadium Place · 259 ftPacific Building · 264 ft5th and Madison Condos · 272 ftMeridian Tower Condos · 272 ftMillennium Tower · 273 ftTwo Miranova Place · 275 ftLuma Condominiums · 276 ftSafeco Plaza · 279 ftOmnicare Building · 289 ftPacific First Centre · 289 ftSeattle Heights · 299 ftArbor Place Tower · 299 ftGrandview Condominiums · 310 ftMadison Centre · 312 ftFinancial Center · 322 ftMarriott Renaissance Hotel · 322 ftThe Tower Building · 347 ft520 Pike Tower · 348 ftKaye · 356 ftSkyglass Apartments · 356 ft1301 Spring Street · 379 ftWestin Building · 390 ftHotel 1000 · 407 ftAspira · 425 ftKOMO Plaza · 426 ftPremiere on Pine · 427 ftNewmark Tower · 444 ftMcKenzie Apartments · 446 ftWestin Seattle · 450 ftCentury Square · 453 ftEscala · 463 ftAmazon.com Blackfoot · 492 ftQwest Plaza · 499 ftHyatt Regency Seattle · 518 ftAmazon.com re:Invent · 518 ftAmazon.com Day 1 · 522 ftAmazon.com Doppler · 525 ftFourth and Madison Building · 531 ftWells Fargo Centre · 551 ftFirst Light Seattle · 551 ftUnion Square · 570 ftSpace Needle · 605 ft1000 Second Avenue · 620 ftF5 Tower · 646 ftUS Bank Centre · 669 ftSeattle Municipal Tower · 722 ftJPMorgan Chase Tower · 784 ftTwo Union Square · 788 ftRainier Square · 850 ft1 kmN
62 towers in the core · 0.61 sq mi
compactness 0.77 · elongation 1.55 : 1 · long axis north–south
tallest: Rainier Square (850 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • FElliott Bay to the west and First Hill to the east squeeze a narrow strip
  • FTech headquarters (Amazon) fuelled the 2010s tower boom
  • USteep slopes; the regrades of 1898 to 1930 cut hills away

Charlotte

Estate radius: Uptown · 1.42 kmCMPD Headquarters · 154 ftResidence Inn · 154 ft208 North Caldwell Street · 157 ftLegacy Union Seven20 · 161 ftHanover Dilworth · 164 ft301 East Tremont Avenue · 167 ftVantage - West Tower · 167 ftVantage - East Tower · 167 ftHilton Garden Inn Charlotte Uptown · 172 ftMecklenburg County Courthouse · 177 ftRatcliffe on the Green · 177 ft301 Midtown (f.k.a. Cameron Brown Building) · 180 ftMecklenburg County Jail · 187 ftBond on Mint · 195 ftNASCAR Hall of Fame · 197 ft555 South McDowell Street · 207 ftAlly Bank Building · 213 ftThe Line · 213 ft300 South Brevard · 223 ftThe Francis · 226 ftDuke Energy · 243 ftSkyhouse Uptown North · 249 ftMetropolitan · 256 ftSkyhouse Uptown South · 256 ftKingston South End · 256 ftJW Marriott Charlotte · 262 ft110 East · 264 ftCharlotte City Hall · 266 ftBank of America Stadium Tower · 276 ftLinea · 276 ft650 South Tryon · 289 ftOne Independence Center · 298 ftRegions 615 · 299 ftFifth Third Center · 299 ftHoneywell Tower · 305 ft100 North Main Street · 312 ftCarillon Tower · 321 ftAscent Uptown · 331 ftCityFair · 344 ftThe Ritz-Carlton Charlotte · 345 ftMint Museum Tower · 358 ftDesign Center Tower · 358 ft121 West Trade · 362 ft600 South Tryon Street · 364 ftThe Westin Charlotte · 374 ftThe Avenue · 384 ftBB&T Building · 388 ftBB&T Centre · 410 ft400 South Tryon · 420 ftThe Paramount · 420 ftThe Ritz-Carlton Residences · 423 ftJohnston Building · 446 ftNASCAR Hall of Fame Plaza Tower · 453 ftMuseum Tower · 455 ft525 North Tryon · 462 ftTrade and Tryon · 472 ft1 Bank of America Center · 484 ft500 West Trade · 511 ftCharlotte Plaza · 548 ftThe Vivian · 556 ftTwo Wells Fargo Centre · 568 ftThe Vue Charlotte · 578 ftOne Wells Fargo Centre · 601 ftDuke Energy Plaza · 627 ftHearst Tower · 659 ftWells Fargo Centre · 703 ftDuke Energy Center · 786 ftBank of America Tower · 871 ft1 kmN
48 towers in the core · 0.43 sq mi
compactness 0.43 · elongation 1.6 : 1 · long axis northeast–southwest
tallest: Bank of America Tower (871 ft)

A moderately compact core, stretched northeast–southwest.

  • FBanking headquarters built prestige towers
  • UOpen land all around: little physical constraint
  • FThe I-277 loop draws a tight boundary

Nashville

CumberlandEstate outline #18: Downtown · 0.41 sq miThe Laurel · 213 ftOne 505 · 220 ftW Nashville · 223 ftAcklen West End · 230 ftThe Pinnacle at Gulch Crossing · 233 ftThompson Nashville · 240 ftElement Music City · 243 ftThe Adelicia · 247 ftTennessee Tower · 253 ftThe Bobby Hotel · 256 ftNashville Convention Center Hotel · 259 ftAnthem House · 266 ftSoBro (505 Church Street Tower 2) · 272 ftMusic City Center · 280 ft505 Union · 283 ftThe Gulch Crossing · 299 ftThe Icon in The Gulch · 312 ftThe Joseph Nashville · 321 ftFourth & Church · 321 ftUnion Station Hotel · 328 ftIcon in the Gulch · 334 ft505 Nashville · 341 ftOmni Nashville Hotel · 358 ftThe Standard at the Smith · 364 ftL&C Tower · 371 ftViridian · 377 ftNations Bank Plaza · 384 ftThe Hutton Hotel · 390 ftFifth and Main · 397 ftSunTrust Plaza · 401 ftThe Icon in the Gulch · 404 ftLife & Casualty Tower · 409 ftFirst Tennessee Center · 417 ftFourth & Commerce Center · 420 ftThe Alcove · 423 ftCommerce Center · 433 ftThe Westin Nashville · 440 ftOne Nashville Place · 452 ft222 2nd Avenue South · 460 ftWilliam R. Snodgrass Tennessee Tower · 469 ftUBS Tower · 477 ft505 CSX Center · 491 ft505 Church Street · 495 ftPinnacle at Symphony Place · 495 ft505 on Fifth · 505 ftFourth + Church · 561 ftCapitol View · 574 ftAT&T Building · 640 ft1 kmN
30 towers in the core · 0.24 sq mi
compactness 0.47 · elongation 1.53 : 1 · long axis northwest–southeast
tallest: AT&T Building (640 ft)

A moderately compact core, stretched northwest–southeast.

  • FCumberland River on the east edge
  • UCapitol view protections on the hill
  • FHealthcare and music headquarters, plus residential growth

Atlanta

Estate radius: Downtown/Midtown · 2.56 kmEstate outline #19: Downtown · 0.85 sq miMillennium Gate Museum · 200 ftThe Paramount · 387 ftMuseum Tower · 400 ftW Atlanta Downtown · 440 ftViewpoint Midtown · 443 ftCNN Center · 465 ftThe Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta · 505 ftThe Paramount on Peachtree · 512 ftEleven Hundred Peachtree · 540 ftSpire Midtown · 541 ftAtlanta Marriott Marquis · 554 ft101 Marietta · 570 ftPromenade II · 577 ftColony Square Hotel · 580 ftPeachtree Summit · 600 ftGeorgia-Pacific Tower · 697 ftWestin Peachtree Plaza Hotel · 723 ftOne Peachtree Center · 723 ftAT&T Midtown Center · 770 ft191 Peachtree Tower · 770 ftSunTrust Plaza · 871 ftBank of America Plaza · 1,023 ft1 kmN
7 towers in the core · 0.05 sq mi
compactness 0.54 · elongation 2.43 : 1 · long axis north–south
tallest: SunTrust Plaza (871 ft)

A long, narrow core: something (a shore, a ridge, a rail line) lines it up north–south.

  • FBuilt along the Peachtree ridge, high and dry
  • USeveral nuclei: downtown, Midtown and Buckhead each draw towers
  • URail gulch and freeway connector cut the grid

Minneapolis

MississippiEstate outline #5: Minneapolis CBD · 4.43 sq miBurnham Building · 150 ftRiverside Plaza · 155 ftThe Edge · 168 ftWashburn Lofts · 174 ftNormandy Inn · 180 ftHennepin Center for the Arts · 180 ftElliot Park Hotel · 189 ftMill District City Apartments · 189 ftNorthstar Center · 190 ftLutheran Brotherhood Building · 195 ftTarget Center · 195 ftCrossings at Riverplace · 200 ftPeavey Plaza Building · 205 ftCentre Village · 208 ftOne Hennepin · 208 ftSolhaus · 208 ftThe Benson · 208 ftIvy Tower · 215 ftWesley Apartments · 215 ftSkyscape · 215 ftT3 · 221 ftMarriott City Center · 224 ftLatitude 45 · 240 ftMetropolitan · 240 ft510 Marquette · 261 ftInternational Centre · 262 ftU.S. Federal Building · 263 ft701 Building · 264 ft365 Nicollet · 264 ftMillwright Minneapolis · 265 ftThe Marquette Hotel · 279 ftPlaza VII · 284 ftGaviidae Common · 285 ftRadisson Blu · 289 ftSoo Line Building · 289 ftThe Towers · 289 ftTarget Plaza South · 289 ftNic on Fifth · 290 ftThe Nic on Fifth · 295 ftMill City Museum · 300 ftCampbell Mithun Tower · 313 ftRiverWest Condominiums · 325 ft510 Groveland · 340 ftMinneapolis City Hall · 341 ftAria · 346 ftIvy Hotel + Residences · 346 ftCenturyLink Building · 346 ftThe Laurel · 346 ftOracle Centre · 366 ftLaSalle Plaza · 366 ft100 Washington Square · 380 ftLaurel · 385 ft33 South Fifth Street · 403 ftHennepin County Government Center · 404 ftQwest Building · 416 ftTCF Tower · 447 ftAT&T Tower · 467 ftThe Carlyle · 469 ftAmeriprise Financial Center · 498 ftFifth Street Towers · 504 ftUS Bancorp Center · 529 ftRand Tower · 529 ftRBC Plaza · 539 ftUS Bank Plaza · 561 ftAccenture Tower · 668 ft33 South Sixth · 668 ftWells Fargo Centre · 774 ft1 kmN
51 towers in the core · 0.46 sq mi
compactness 0.62 · elongation 1.13 : 1 · long axis north–south
tallest: Wells Fargo Centre (774 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • FMississippi River and St. Anthony Falls, the original reason for the city
  • FSkyway system ties towers together in winter
  • UOpen prairie in every direction except the river

Kansas City

KansasMissouriEstate outline #30: KC, KS · 0.16 sq miChambers Building · 159 ftWaltower Building · 160 ftJackson County Jail · 161 ftChicago Great Western Grain Elevator · 164 ftOzark Building · 170 ftHoliday Inn Citi Center · 170 ftCommerce Building · 170 ftRitz-Carlton Residences · 175 ftScarritt Building · 190 ft2600 Grand Boulevard · 190 ftCommerce Bank Building · 195 ftUMB Building · 200 ftThe View · 209 ftArgyle Building · 210 ftPublic Levee Terminal Grain Elevators · 210 ftHome Savings Association Building · 211 ftR.A. Long Building · 217 ftKansas City Club Building · 217 ftLiberty Memorial · 217 ftProfessional Building · 217 ftFidelity National Bank Building · 234 ftIBM Building · 234 ftCrown Center Square · 240 ftTraders On Grand · 241 ftLiberty Memorial Complex · 265 ftOne Park Place · 280 ftMark Twain Tower · 284 ftWallstreet Tower · 288 ftCharles Evans Whittaker Federal Courthouse · 290 ftTWA Building · 295 ftThe Reserve · 298 ftRadisson Hotel & Suites · 298 ftMunicipal Auditorium · 300 ftSan Francisco Tower · 306 ftAT&T Longlines Building · 311 ftSouthwest National Bank Building · 318 ftBryant Building · 318 ftPershing Road Building · 340 ft2555 Grand · 347 ftOak Tower · 379 ftFinancial Center · 387 ftFederal Reserve Bank Building · 390 ftCommerce Tower · 402 ftSheraton Kansas City Hotel at Crown Center · 427 ftCity Hall · 443 ftPower and Light Building · 476 ftKansas City Power & Light Building · 481 ftMarriott Downtown · 504 ftThe Westin Crown Center · 504 ft1 kmN
36 towers in the core · 0.29 sq mi
compactness 0.59 · elongation 1.04 : 1 · long axis north–south
tallest: Marriott Downtown (504 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • FA bluff above the Missouri River
  • URail bottomlands to the west
  • UFreeway loop cut downtown off from its neighbourhoods

Pittsburgh

OhioAlleghenyMonongahelaPPG Paints Arena · 151 ftMillcraft Centre · 155 ftDollar Bank Building · 156 ftPenn Liberty Plaza II · 160 ftPenn Liberty Plaza I · 160 ftBenedum Center · 175 ftUPMC Presbyterian Hospital · 180 ftAllegheny Building · 180 ftHeinz Hall · 180 ftOne Northshore · 190 ftPittsburgh National Bank Building · 195 ftFourth Avenue Building · 200 ftCommonwealth Building · 200 ftWood Street Commons · 205 ft525 William Penn Place · 220 ftBenedum-Trees Building · 225 ftWilliam Penn Hotel · 225 ftSmithfield United Church · 235 ftDiamond Bank Building · 235 ftAmerican Eagle Outfitters Building · 235 ftClark Building · 235 ftHilton Pittsburgh · 245 ftPiatt Place · 255 ftArrott Building · 255 ftUPMC Building · 256 ftTwo Gateway Center · 256 ftRiverfront Towers South · 260 ftRiverfront Towers North · 260 ftChatham Center · 265 ftFort Pitt Building · 267 ftWood Street Towers - T2 · 289 ftLaw & Finance Building · 289 ftLiberty Center · 289 ftThree Gateway Center · 289 ftWood Street Towers - T1 · 289 ftOne Gateway Center · 289 ftUnion Trust Building · 307 ftFNB Tower · 307 ftFrick Building · 330 ftWilliam S. Moorhead Federal Building · 340 ftOliver Building · 347 ftFour Gateway Center · 352 ftWestinghouse Building · 355 ftReed Smith Centre · 390 ftAlcoa Building · 410 ftOne PNC Plaza · 424 ftTwo PNC Plaza · 445 ftKoppers Tower · 475 ftGrant Building · 485 ftK&L Gates Center · 511 ftThe Tower at PNC Plaza · 546 ftCNG Tower · 582 ftGulf Tower · 582 ftOne Oxford Centre · 615 ftFifth Avenue Place · 616 ftPPG Place · 635 ftBNY Mellon Center · 725 ft1 kmN
54 towers in the core · 0.32 sq mi
compactness 0.58 · elongation 1.85 : 1 · long axis east–west
tallest: BNY Mellon Center (725 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • FThe Golden Triangle: two rivers meet, the land runs out, height is the only way
  • FSteel and banking headquarters
  • UFloodplain; the 1936 flood

Detroit

Estate radius: Downtown · 0.85 kmEstate outline #4: Detroit CBD · 3.76 sq miDetroit Opera House Tower · 279 ftRiverfront Towers - Tower 1 · 286 ftLafayette Building · 292 ftGreektown Casino Hotel · 299 ftColeman A. Young Municipal Center · 316 ft1300 Lafayette East · 322 ftMcNamara Federal Building · 322 ftFort Shelby Tower · 339 ftFord Building · 344 ftFirst National Building · 350 ftDavid Broderick Tower · 355 ftDavid Stott Building · 390 ft1001 Woodward · 410 ftAlly Detroit Center · 416 ft150 West Jefferson · 435 ftCadillac Tower · 453 ftBook Tower · 475 ftRenaissance Center Tower 200 · 507 ftRenaissance Center Tower 500 · 507 ftRenaissance Center Tower 100 · 516 ftPenobscot Building · 546 ftQuantum on the Bay South Tower · 554 ft1 kmN
12 towers in the core · 0.1 sq mi
compactness 0.47 · elongation 2.06 : 1 · long axis northwest–southeast
tallest: Penobscot Building (546 ft)

A moderately compact core, stretched northwest–southeast.

  • FDetroit River frontage
  • UPopulation loss left vacant land: no pressure to build up
  • UFreeways ring and cut the core

Philadelphia

SchuylkillEstate radius: Center City · 2.20 km450 N 18TH ST, Philadelphia · 179 ft500 N 18TH ST, Philadelphia · 179 ft1742-60 MARKET ST, Philadelphia · 182 ft325L N 15TH ST, Philadelphia · 182 ft1701 MARKET ST, Philadelphia · 212 ft257 S 16TH ST, Philadelphia · 235 ft2000-24 MARKET ST, Philadelphia · 377 ft2116 CHESTNUT ST, Philadelphia · 380 ftAIR Rittenhouse · 426 ftThe Phoenix · 450 ftThe Laurel · 479 ftOne Logan Square · 492 ftTwo Commerce Square · 512 ft1901 Market Street · 522 ftFMC Tower · 528 ftThree Logan Square · 548 ftCity Hall Tower · 548 ft1500 Market Street · 572 ftThe Residences at The Ritz-Carlton · 594 ftThe St. James · 600 ft1818 Market Street · 609 ftG. Fred DiBona Jr. Building · 640 ftOne Commerce Square · 739 ftComcast Technology Center · 1,121 ft1 kmN
16 towers in the core · 0.17 sq mi
compactness 0.44 · elongation 1.83 : 1 · long axis east–west
tallest: Comcast Technology Center (1,121 ft)

A moderately compact core, stretched east–west.

  • FDelaware and Schuylkill rivers bracket Center City
  • UA gentlemen's agreement kept towers below William Penn's hat on City Hall until 1987
  • FRegional rail tunnel (1984) linked both station networks

St. Louis

MississippiEstate outline #6: St Louis CBD · 2.14 sq miSumma Health System Tower · 150 ftAmerican Zinc Building · 150 ftLaclede Gas Building · 160 ftMartin Centre · 160 ftKatherine Dunham Building · 165 ftChemical Building · 165 ftMercantile Trust Building · 170 ftJohn S. Knight Center · 170 ftSpivey Building · 180 ftUniversity Park Alliance Building · 180 ftRoberts Tower · 185 ftQuaker Square Tower · 190 ftMissouri Athletic Club · 195 ftUnion Station Hotel · 200 ft20 North Broadway · 210 ft320 Market Building · 215 ftMillennium Hotel St. Louis · 230 ft210 North Tucker · 275 ftMarriott St. Louis Grand Hotel · 280 ftPeabody Opera House · 300 ftSt. Louis Centre · 315 ftMansion House Center · 340 ft220 North Fourth Street · 343 ftCivil Courts Building · 355 ftRoberts Mayfair · 360 ftBoatmen's Bank Building · 384 ftThomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse · 404 ftOne US Bank Plaza · 484 ftAT&T Center · 588 ftOne Metropolitan Square · 593 ft1 kmN
18 towers in the core · 0.17 sq mi
compactness 0.62 · elongation 1.02 : 1 · long axis north–south
tallest: One Metropolitan Square (593 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • FMississippi riverfront
  • UArch grounds and I-70 cut the riverfront off
  • UPopulation loss since 1950

Baltimore

Estate outline #9: Inner Harbor · 0.15 sq miMLG Tower · 201 ftUniversity of Maryland Medical Center · 210 ftAlex. Brown Building · 217 ftEquitable Building · 220 ftCity Crescent · 224 ft200 St. Paul Place · 230 ftCourthouse East · 233 ftThe Belvedere · 240 ftMuseum Tower · 250 ftBaltimore Gas & Electric Building · 260 ftRenaissance Baltimore Harborplace Hotel · 260 ftHarbor East Residences · 268 ftHarbor Court Hotel · 270 ft1 E Pratt Street · 279 ftLord Baltimore Hotel · 279 ftOne Charles Center · 289 ftMathias Bank Building · 298 ftCharles Center South · 300 ftHarbor East Marriott · 321 ftCharles Towers North · 340 ftCharles Towers South · 350 ft250 West Pratt Street · 360 ftTremont Plaza Hotel · 390 ftBaltimore World Trade Center · 403 ft100 East Pratt Street · 404 ftCommerce Place · 489 ftWilliam Donald Schaefer Tower · 505 ftBank of America Building · 512 ftTransamerica Tower · 529 ft1 kmN
21 towers in the core · 0.11 sq mi
compactness 0.56 · elongation 1.6 : 1 · long axis northwest–southeast
tallest: Transamerica Tower (529 ft)

A compact core: towers pressed together around one point of access.

  • FInner Harbor redevelopment
  • UPopulation loss
  • UView protections around the Washington Monument

Washington

PotomacEstate radius: Downtown DC · 2.50 kmEstate outline #21: Downtown · 1.87 sq miEstate outline #23: District of Columbia · 2.98 sq miSalesforce Tower (425 11th St NW) · 151 ftNash Street Towers South · 185 ftLibrary of Congress (Jefferson Bldg) · 195 ftCathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle · 200 ftRosslyn Gateway · 205 ftOne Franklin Square · 209 ftKey Bridge Marriott · 240 ftCEB Tower · 250 ftMarket Common Clarendon · 265 ftOne Liberty Center · 275 ftTwo Liberty Center · 280 ftUnited States Capitol · 288 ftWashington National Cathedral · 301 ftOld Post Office Pavilion · 315 ft1812 N Moore · 330 ftJBG SMITH Central Place Tower · 390 ftWashington Monument · 555 ft1 kmN
No tower cluster: fewer than five buildings of 150 ft or more stand close together here.
  • UHeight of Buildings Act (1910): street width plus 20 ft, about 130 ft
  • FFederal government demand fills every allowed floor
  • FHeight spills across the river to Rosslyn, the next panel

Arlington (Rosslyn)

PotomacEstate radius: Downtown DC · 2.50 kmEstate outline #21: Downtown · 1.87 sq miEstate outline #22: Crystal City · 0.46 sq miEstate outline #23: District of Columbia · 2.98 sq miNash Street Towers South · 185 ftCathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle · 200 ftRosslyn Gateway · 205 ftOne Franklin Square · 209 ftClarendon 1021 · 215 ftTower II at Ballston Common · 220 ftArlington Ridge · 223 ftThe Continental · 225 ftArlington Plaza · 225 ftPotomac Plaza · 230 ftBallston Place · 235 ftKey Bridge Marriott · 240 ftCEB Tower · 250 ftMarket Common Clarendon · 265 ftTurnberry Tower · 270 ftOne Liberty Center · 275 ftHighlands Park Place · 275 ftTwo Liberty Center · 280 ftChase Tower · 285 ftWaterview Tower · 300 ft1812 N Moore · 330 ftJBG SMITH Central Place Tower · 390 ftWashington Monument · 555 ft1 kmN
9 towers in the core · 0.07 sq mi
compactness 0.59 · elongation 2.21 : 1 · long axis northwest–southeast
tallest: JBG SMITH Central Place Tower (390 ft)

A long, narrow core: something (a shore, a ridge, a rail line) lines it up northwest–southeast.

  • FOutside the District's height limit, facing it across the Potomac
  • FMetro Orange and Blue lines
  • UFAA limits for Reagan National flight paths

Tysons (edge city)

Estate outline #20: Tysons Corner · 2.39 sq miWestpark Tower · 150 ft8245 Boone Boulevard · 160 ftScotts Run Station South · 170 ftScotts Run Station North · 170 ft8100 Boone Boulevard · 180 ftJones Branch Tower · 195 ft8260 Greensboro Drive · 210 ftTysons Corner Center Tower · 220 ft8029 Leesburg Pike · 250 ftThe Boro Tower 2 · 380 ftThe Boro Tower 1 · 380 ftTysons Tower · 390 ftThe Ritz-Carlton Tysons Corner · 400 ftCapital One Headquarters · 470 ft1 kmN
No tower cluster: fewer than five buildings of 150 ft or more stand close together here.
  • FWhere the Beltway, I-66 corridor and Dulles Toll Road meet
  • FMetro Silver Line (2014)
  • USuperblocks built for cars, slow to fill in

Bethesda

PotomacEstate outline #25: Downtown · 0.60 sq mi8120 Wisconsin Avenue · 215 ftThe Chase · 225 ftHyatt Regency Bethesda · 245 ftThe Elm · 255 ftCameron Park · 260 ftMarriott Bethesda Downtown · 265 ftThe Seasons of Cherry Creek · 270 ftMontgomery Tower · 275 ftGallery Bethesda · 280 ftThe Lauren · 300 ft4600 East-West Highway · 305 ftThe Flats at 7200 · 310 ftLionsgate · 320 ftThe Darcy · 330 ftWisconsin Place · 350 ftOne Bethesda Metro Center · 362 ft4500 East-West Highway · 375 ft7900 Wisconsin Avenue · 390 ft1 kmN
10 towers in the core · 0.09 sq mi
compactness 0.42 · elongation 2.18 : 1 · long axis north–south
tallest: 4500 East-West Highway (375 ft)

A moderately compact core, stretched north–south.

  • FMetro Red Line station at the center
  • FNIH and federal contractors
  • UCounty height caps step down to houses
Go deeper

Lessons: APMIC 19 Land, rent and the bid-rent curvePreview APHG 18 Inside the cityPreview

Supplements: CTBUH Skyscraper Center: tall building data · Natural Earth: the river layer used here · CBD & Vertical Theory (our research hub)

Shape measures, all CBDs

Compactness (Polsby–Popper) is 4π × area ÷ perimeter²: 1.0 for a circle, near 0 for a thin or ragged shape. Elongation is the long side over the short side of the tightest rectangle that fits around the core. Long axis is the direction of that long side. Click a column to sort.

CBDTowers in coreCore sq miCompactnessElongationLong axisTallest ftOur outlines (sq mi · compactness)F / U
Chicago 6836.46 0.323.68 north–south1,451 #2 4.19 · 0.87 (circle)
#8 1.74 · 0.72 (box)
2 / 1
New York (Manhattan) 413515.24 0.533.61 northeast–southwest1,776 — 3 / 1
Miami 1361.56 0.542.49 north–south868 #7 2.31 · 0.63 (box) 2 / 2
Houston 570.53 0.761.44 east–west1,002 — 2 / 2
Los Angeles 1551.5 0.761.53 northeast–southwest1,100 #12 5.67 · 0.52 (box)
#16 3.42 · 0.50 (box)
1 / 3
Austin 320.31 0.651.97 northwest–southeast683 #29 1.01 · 0.73 (box) 2 / 1
Denver 1110.94 0.672.02 northwest–southeast698 — 2 / 1
San Francisco 390.32 0.621.7 north–south1,070 — 2 / 2
Dallas 560.68 0.681.66 north–south738 #3 5.05 · 0.88 (circle) 1 / 2
Boston 130.11 0.451.34 northwest–southeast614 #10 2.43 · 0.60 (box)
#11 2.08 · 0.60 (box)
1 / 2
Seattle 620.61 0.771.55 north–south850 — 2 / 1
Charlotte 480.43 0.431.6 northeast–southwest871 — 2 / 1
Nashville 300.24 0.471.53 northwest–southeast640 #18 0.41 · 0.72 (box) 2 / 1
Atlanta 70.05 0.542.43 north–south871 #19 0.85 · 0.65 (box) 1 / 2
Minneapolis 510.46 0.621.13 north–south774 #5 4.43 · 0.84 (circle) 2 / 1
Kansas City 360.29 0.591.04 north–south504 #30 0.16 · 0.70 (box) 1 / 2
Pittsburgh 540.32 0.581.85 east–west725 — 2 / 1
Detroit 120.1 0.472.06 northwest–southeast546 #4 3.76 · 0.81 (circle) 1 / 2
Philadelphia 160.17 0.441.83 east–west1,121 — 2 / 1
St. Louis 180.17 0.621.02 north–south593 #6 2.14 · 0.87 (circle) 1 / 2
Baltimore 210.11 0.561.6 northwest–southeast529 #9 0.15 · 0.77 (box) 1 / 2
Washington —— —— —— #21 1.87 · 0.47 (box)
#23 2.98 · 0.57 (box)
2 / 1
Arlington (Rosslyn) 90.07 0.592.21 northwest–southeast390 #21 1.87 · 0.47 (box)
#22 0.46 · 0.49 (box)
#23 2.98 · 0.57 (box)
2 / 1
Tysons (edge city) —— —— —— #20 2.39 · 0.71 (box) 2 / 1
Bethesda 100.09 0.422.18 north–south375 #25 0.60 · 0.76 (box) 2 / 1

Reading the shapes

Water makes height

The tallest, densest cores in the set are the ones that ran out of land: Manhattan between two rivers, Chicago against the lake, Pittsburgh in the fork of its rivers, San Francisco and Seattle hemmed by bay and hill, Miami along Biscayne Bay. A barrier on one or more sides turns the bid-rent cone into a half cone; the same demand lands on less ground, and the only direction left is up. This is the most consistent "favorable" condition on the page.

Rules can cancel geography

Washington has the demand and the access but almost no tower core, because the 1910 Height Act caps the city near 130 feet. The towers simply moved across the Potomac to Rosslyn and out the Beltway to Tysons: compare the three panels. Philadelphia's informal limit at William Penn's hat, Los Angeles's 150-foot limit until 1957, San Francisco's office cap and shadow rule, Austin's Capitol view corridors and the FAA zones under Boston's and Miami's flight paths all bend the shape in the same way: the core grows sideways or jumps elsewhere.

Open land lets it spread

Where nothing stops outward growth (Houston without zoning, Dallas, Atlanta, Charlotte), the core is looser and the office market leaks to second and third centers, the multiple-nuclei and edge-city pattern. Towers still rise, often as prestige headquarters, but they are spread across several clusters rather than stacked on one peak.

Shape follows the line of access

Elongated cores line up with whatever moved people: a shoreline drive, a rail terminal row, a ridge-top road. That is Hoyt's wedge seen from above. Compact cores sit where several lines of access meet at one point, as the bid-rent model expects. Watch the long-axis column in the table and the shoreline or river on the panel.

Questions for class

1. Pick two panels with similar tower counts but different compactness. What on the map explains the difference? 2. Which model best describes your own city, and which panel does it most resemble? 3. Where does our dashed red outline disagree with the gold core, and which one would you use to define the CBD? 4. Find a city where a rule (not water or terrain) set the shape. What happened next door?

Go deeper

Lessons: SO1.17 Park, Burgess and the concentric zonesPreview APMIC 19 Land, rent and the bid-rent curvePreview

Supplements: Theory card: Joel Garreau (edge city) · Theory card: Jane Jacobs · People, Ages and Arrivals (companion page)

Use it in class

Drawer: How Cities Grow: Rings, Wedges, Nuclei and the Vertical Push (code 6S98DQ) · This page: code JDZPE6

Quiz: 10 questions, scored on submit (code XXLM9A)

Game: Rings, Wedges or Nuclei? drawer game (opens when the drawer goes live) · arcade: Map and Model

Lessons: APHG 18 · Inside the cityPreview SO1 17 · Park, Burgess and the concentric zonesPreview APMIC 19 · Land, rent and the bid-rent curvePreview

QR code: Page JDZPE6
Page · JDZPE6
QR code: Quiz XXLM9A
Quiz · XXLM9A
QR code: Drawer 6S98DQ
Drawer · 6S98DQ

Method and data

Towers: buildings.buildings, Urbanicity's building table, using architectural height (or roof height where architectural is missing), 150 ft and taller, active rows only, excluding flagged coordinates and duplicates. Vertical core: PostGIS ST_ClusterDBSCAN (300 m, at least 5 towers) on the city's towers within 15 km of downtown; the largest cluster is wrapped in a concave hull (ST_ConcaveHull, 0.5) and buffered 60 m. Area and perimeter are measured on the sphere (geography). Our outlines: geo.cbd_boundaries (29 sketched polygons) and cities.cbd_boundaries (13 center-and-radius records). Rivers: Natural Earth 1:10m rivers, world and North America supplement; small rivers such as the Chicago River are not in that layer. Open water: the frame minus ZIP Code Tabulation Areas, which stop at the shoreline; only large gaps that touch the frame are drawn, so parks and rail yards are not mistaken for water. Terrain is noted in the factor lists rather than drawn, since we hold no elevation model yet. Factors: editor's notes from the planning and urban-history literature, marked F or U by their effect on height. Panels are recomputed from the database once a week. Built 2026-11-01 08:43.

Readings: Burgess, "The Growth of the City" in Park, Burgess and McKenzie, The City (1925). Hoyt, The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities (1939). Harris and Ullman, "The Nature of Cities," Annals of the American Academy (1945). von Thünen, Der isolierte Staat (1826). Alonso, Location and Land Use (1964). Vance, Geography and Urban Evolution in the San Francisco Bay Area (1964). McGee, The Southeast Asian City (1967). Griffin and Ford, "A Model of Latin American City Structure," Geographical Review (1980); Ford, "A New and Improved Model," Geographical Review (1996). Garreau, Edge City (1991). Dear and Flusty, "Postmodern Urbanism," Annals of the AAG (1998). Barr, Tassier and Trendafilov, "Depth to Bedrock and the Formation of the Manhattan Skyline," Journal of Economic History (2011). Lang, Edgeless Cities (2003).